ANTH 1102 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I Introduction to Anthropology Outline of Current Lecture II Definition of Anthropology A Holistic science B Four questions of Anthropology C Four fields of Anthropology D Origins of field III Socio Cultural A Ethnography B Ethnology IV Archaeological A Artifacts B Dating C Molecular D Bone Skeletal V Biological Physical A Human Genetics B Primatology VI Linguistics A Historical B Sociolinguistics Current Lecture Jan 9 2014 Anthropology the study of human diversity across time across space adaptation humans are the most adaptable species A holistic science holism study of whole of human condition Past present future biology society language and culture Comparative field local and global ancient and modern Four Questions Anthropology focuses on Where and when did Homo Sapiens originate How has the human species changed What are humans now Where are we going as a species Four field discipline socio cultural archaeological biological linguistic Origins of scientific field 19th century history and cultures of Native Americans SOCIO CULTURAL Describes analyzes interprets and explains social and cultural similarities differences Ethnography fieldwork looks at local behaviors religions traditions etc keeping in mind influences from all around Research techniques direct firsthand observation participant observation conversation chit chat interviews genealogical method work with key consultants informants in depth interviewing life histories narrators Ethnology cross cultural comparison study different societies to compare test hypotheses G ARCHAEOLOGICAL Reconstructs describes and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains At sites where people live have lived based on artifacts evidence Tools weapons campsites buildings garbage plant animal remains wild domesticated grains and animal bones Evidence can give researchers clues about population density trade cultural connections diffusion interrelation Excavation systematically dig through layers strata of deposits in a site reveals time order of materials Survey gather info on settlement patterns over a large area how people group themselves and interact spatially Paleoecology study of interrelations among living things in an environment Organisms environment ecosystem Energy flows and exchanges Systems of the past Dating Relative establishes time frame in relation to other strata or materials stratography science of examining ways in which earth sediment accumulates seriation artifacts from numerous sites in same culture placed in chronological order Absolute establishes dates in numbers or ranges of numbers radiometric techniques radioactive decay Carbon 14 technique for organic remains measures amt of Carbon in material Dendrochronology tree ring dating counting 1 ring yr Molecular genetic analysis of DNA sequences to date and estimate evolutionary distance btw species Origins of modern humans Relation between humans and neandertals Bone Skeletal Forensic studies bone as biological tissue genetics cell structure growth development and decay patterns of development Anthropometry study of human body measurement BIOLOGICAL PHYSICAL Examines human biological diversity in time and space Evolution fossil record paleoanthropology Genetics Growth development Biological plasticity ability of organisms to change in response to a stimuli to adapt Primatology study of biology evolution behavior and social life of primates clues to early human behavior Human Genetics Causes and transmission of variety within a population which confer reproductive advantage and success survival Environment and heredity differential development nutrition altitude temperature disease cultural factors G LINGUISTIC Studies language and diversity in its social cultural context Universal factors brain uniformity Ancient languages Linguistic differences G Historical linguistics considers variation over time sounds grammar vocabulary Sociolinguistics considers relationships between social and linguistic variation Geography dialects accents Group membership male female ethnic group