ANTH 1102 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to AnthropologyOutline of Current Lecture II. Definition of AnthropologyA. Holistic scienceB. Four questions of Anthropology C. Four fields of AnthropologyD. Origins of fieldIII. Socio-CulturalA. EthnographyB. EthnologyIV. ArchaeologicalA. ArtifactsB. DatingC. MolecularD. Bone/SkeletalV. Biological/PhysicalA. Human GeneticsB. PrimatologyVI. LinguisticsA. HistoricalB. SociolinguisticsCurrent LectureJan 9 2014Anthropology: the study of human diversity- across time- across space- adaptation- humans are the most adaptable speciesA holistic science- holism: study of whole of human condition- Past, present, future, biology, society, language, and culture- Comparative field (local and global; ancient and modern)Four Questions Anthropology focuses on: Where and when did Homo Sapiens originate? How has the human species changed? What are humans now? Where are we going as a species?Four-field discipline: socio-cultural, archaeological, biological, linguisticOrigins of scientific field 19th century, history and cultures of Native AmericansSOCIO-CULTURALDescribes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities/differencesEthnography: fieldwork; looks at local behaviors, religions, traditions, etc (keeping in mind influences from all around)Research techniques:- direct/firsthand observation, participant observation- conversation: chit chat, interviews- genealogical method- work with key consultants/informants- in-depth interviewing: life histories (narrators)Ethnology: cross-cultural comparison; study different societies to compare, test hypothesesARCHAEOLOGICALReconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remainsAt sites where people live/have lived based on artifacts (evidence) - Tools, weapons, campsites, buildings, garbage, plant/animal remains (wild & domesticatedgrains), and animal bones - Evidence can give researchers clues about population density, trade, cultural connections (diffusion, interrelation)Excavation: systematically dig through layers (strata) of deposits in a site reveals time order of materialsSurvey: gather info on settlement patterns over a large area- how people group themselves and interact spatiallyPaleoecology: study of interrelations among living things in an environment Organisms + environment= ecosystem Energy flows and exchanges Systems of the pastGDatingRelative- establishes time frame in relation to other strata or materials- stratography: science of examining ways in which earth sediment accumulates- seriation: artifacts from numerous sites, in same culture, placed in chronological orderAbsolute- establishes dates in numbers or ranges of numbers- radiometric techniques (radioactive decay)Carbon-14 technique for organic remains (measures amt. of Carbon in material)Dendrochronology- tree ring dating (counting- 1 ring/yr)Moleculargenetic analysis of DNA sequences to date and estimate evolutionary distance btw species - Origins of modern humans - Relation between humans and neandertalsBone/ Skeletal - Forensic: studies bone as biological tissue genetics, cell structure, growth/development and decay; patterns of development - Anthropometry: study of human body measurementBIOLOGICAL/PHYSICALExamines human biological diversity in time and space- Evolution- fossil record (paleoanthropology)- Genetics- Growth//development- Biological plasticity: ability of organisms to change in response to a stimuli to adapt- Primatology: study of biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of primates (clues to earlyhuman behavior)Human Genetics - Causes and transmission of variety within a population, which confer reproductive advantage and success survival - Environment and heredity differential development- nutrition, altitude, temperature, disease, cultural factorsLINGUISTICStudies language and diversity in its social/cultural context - Universal factors (brain uniformity) - Ancient languages - Linguistic differencesGHistorical linguistics considers variation over time- sounds/grammar/vocabularySociolinguistics considers relationships between social and linguistic variation - Geography (dialects; accents) - Group membership (male/female; ethnic