ANTH1102 1st EditionLecture 20Outline of Last LectureI. What is Marriage?II. Marriage SystemsIII. Plural MarriagesIV. Marriage RulesV. Marriage AlliancesVI. Divorce Outline of Current LectureI. What is “Political”?II. Types of Political SystemsA. BandB. TribeC. ChiefdomD. StateIII. Social Control and ResistanceCurrent Lecture“Political“: power (ability to exercise one’s will over others, sometimes with force) and authority(formal, socially approved right to use power)- sociopolitical organization: exercise of power and regulation of relations among groups and their representatives (decision making, dispute management, conflict resolution)- Different kinds of political processes> formal and informal> force or threat of force> nonviolent forms of social control-Political systems> means by which to manage society> how communities direct, manage, organize, structure, and influence: - external community relations- community protection- internal conflict> intersects with social and economic organizationTypes of Political Systems- Band: small kin-based group of foragers, egalitarian, believe in reciprocity and sharing; e.g. Inuit- men hunt and fish, lack formal law- Tribe: large kin-based group, horticulturalist/pastoralist, somewhat egalitarian- have village council, gender discrimination; e.g. Kapauku- egalitarian horti-/agriculturalists, large population, Big Man Society> organizations- kinship lineages- sodalities (non-kin based)- age and/or gender: organized conflicts, organized hunting- Chiefdom: centralized with two or more groups, horticulturalists, redistribution economy, ranked society with single leader (who lives with his family apart from the society); e.g. Polynesian chiefdoms- social status based on kinship: descent, rank, privileged access to power/prestige/wealth- State: centralized system of formal gov’t, specialized, makes laws and uses force, socially stratified, military structure> state specializations- population control (managing, tracking, organizing populations)- judiciary (laws as explicit codes for behavior)- enforcement (system to enforce laws, internal or external, e.g. fines, jail/prison)- fiscal (fiscal system: public treasury or revenues, e.g. IRS)Social Control- parts of a culture that actively maintain social interactions- informal processes of social control> Makua: Ehaya (shame), Enretthe (sorcery attack), Cadeia (jail)> hegemony (A. Gramsci): cultural behavior becomes “natural”, how ruling class maintain order<> Resistance to control: public transcript, hidden
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