ANTH1102 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Intersex Individuals A Chromosomal Distinctions B Syndromes C Cultural Examples II Sexual Orientation Outline of Current Lecture I Race and Ethnicity A Human Variation B What is Race C Colonialism Naturalism and Classification D Social Construction of Race E Race and Culture F Ethnicity G Roots of Ethnic Conflict Current Lecture Human Variation biological diversity human phenotype physical expression of genes evolutionary adaptation human biological plasticity determined by genotype genetic combination Why do populations look different Adaptation to environmental stimuli phenotype differences What is Race biological definition isolated subdivision of a species based on common ancestry and biological traits problematic for humans human populations are not reproductively isolated skin color has a clinal distribution gradual shifts in color across nations Great Chain of Being Early Classification a classification of peoples based on presumed biological similarities Colonialism Naturalism and Classification Racial categories Johann Friedreich Blumenbach first used word race in 1775 classified humans into five categories Caucasian first to use this term Mongolian Ethiopian American and Malay Anthropology and Race anthropologists defined races which justified slavery eugenics movement World War II Holocaust and segregation US South Africa apartheid Carleton Coon 1962 argued Europeans and Asians evolved to be more civilized than other races anthropologists opposed racial categorization Franz Boas 1900s 1940s William Montague Cobb 1943 AAA Race Project evidence against race profiles Social Construction of Race Race does exist but there is no biological basis Race is a cultural expression it does not work as a scientific classification Hypodescent One Drop Rule in an interracial relationship the minority parent s race is assigned to the child Race and Culture Japan decidedly homogenous intrinsic racism perceived racial differences are sufficient basis for devaluing groups 10 of citizens are minorities residential segregation and taboos on interracial marriages Burakumin 4 million outcasts in buraku neighborhoods poor Brazil idealized heterogenous multiracial categories 40 500 races achieved race categories flexible style shifting environment change phenotype change e g getting a tan change in dress language location attitude change in appearance racial categories historical legacy Mexico colonialism and categorization affected race classifications Catholic church categorized intermixed races for marital and baptism purposes Mexicans combination of indigenous and European bloodlines La Raza 1948 book by Jose Vasconcelos He wanted to see everyone as one race Ethnicity identification with an ethnic group individuals identify themselves individuals identified by others individual and group identities based on cultural descent biological descent historically known geological origins shared language and shared sense ethnic groups nations nationalities cultures countries interactions between nations racial cultural national nationality identification with a specific nation ethnic tolerance assimilation absorption of minorities within a dominant group plural society economically interdependent groups multiculturalism realized that diversity is valuable and worth maintaining Roots of Ethnic Conflict prejudice of stereotypes discrimination de facto in practice but not necessarily lawful e g racial profiling de juro under law e g segregation and apartheid