ANTH1102 1st EditionLecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Intersex IndividualsA. Chromosomal DistinctionsB. SyndromesC. Cultural Examples II. Sexual OrientationOutline of Current Lecture I. Race and EthnicityA. Human VariationB. What is Race?C. Colonialism, Naturalism, and ClassificationD. Social Construction of RaceE. Race and CultureF. EthnicityG. Roots of Ethnic ConflictCurrent LectureHuman Variation- biological diversity-> human phenotype (physical expression of genes)- evolutionary adaptation-> human biological plasticity (determined by genotype:genetic combination)- Why do populations look different?>Adaptation to environmental stimuli-> phenotype differencesWhat is Race?- biological definition: isolated subdivision of a species based on common ancestry and biological traits> problematic for humans: human populations are not reproductively isolated, skin color has a clinal distribution (gradual shifts in color across nations)- “Great Chain of Being”: Early Classification- a classification of peoples based on presumed biological similaritiesColonialism, Naturalism, and Classification- Racial categories> Johann Friedreich Blumenbach first used word “:race” in 1775> classified humans into five categories: Caucasian (first to use this term), Mongolian, Ethiopian, American, and MalayAnthropology and Race- anthropologists defined races, which justified slavery, eugenics movement, World War II Holocaust, and segregation (US, South Africa apartheid)- Carleton Coon 1962- argued Europeans and Asians evolved to be more civilized than other races- anthropologists opposed racial categorization> Franz Boas, 1900s-1940s> William Montague Cobb (1943)> AAA Race Project- evidence against race profilesSocial Construction of Race- Race does exist, but there is no biological basis.- Race is a cultural expression; it does not work as a scientific classification.- Hypodescent: “One Drop Rule”: in an interracial relationship, the minority parent’s race is assigned to the childRace and CultureJapan- decidedly homogenous- intrinsic racism: perceived racial differences are sufficient basis for devaluing groups- 10% of citizens are minorities- residential segregation and taboos on interracial marriages- Burakumin- 4 million outcasts in buraku neighborhoods (poor)Brazil- idealized, heterogenous multiracial categories- 40-500 races- achieved race-> categories flexible (style shifting)> environment change-> phenotype change (e.g. getting a tan)> change in dress, language, location, attitude-> change in appearance- racial categories= historical legacy Mexico- colonialism and categorization affected race classifications- Catholic church categorized intermixed “races” for marital and baptism purposes- Mexicans= combination of indigenous and European bloodlines> “La Raza”: 1948 book by Jose Vasconcelos (He wanted to see everyone as one race.)Ethnicity- identification with an ethnic group> individuals identify themselves> individuals identified by others- individual and group identities based on: cultural descent, biological descent, historically known geological origins, shared language, and shared sense- ethnic groups, nations, nationalities-> cultures, countries, interactions between nations (racial, cultural, national)- nationality: identification with a specific nation- ethnic tolerance> assimilation: absorption of minorities within a dominant group> plural society: economically interdependent groups> multiculturalism: realized that diversity is valuable and worth maintainingRoots of Ethnic Conflict- prejudice of stereotypes- discrimination: de facto (in practice, but not necessarily lawful, e.g. racial profiling), de juro (under law, e.g. segregation and