ANTH1102 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I Religion A Types of Religion i Shamanic ii Communal iii Eccleciastical Olympian iv Monotheistic B Expressions of Religion Outline of Current Lecture I Religion and Culture A Methods of Change B Problems w Defining Religion vs Secularism II Kinship Families and Descent A Defining Kinship B Defining Families C Defining Descent i 3 Rules ii 3 Types D Kinship Terminology Calculation and Classification Current Lecture Religion and Culture acculturation culture change or opposing change revitalization movements syncretisms two religions converged e g Santeria cargo cults antimodernism some Christian and Islamic groups fundamentalism trying to establish an individual identity from widely accepted culture some Christian Islamic and Jewish groups diffusion culture change new religious belief systems New Age Movements borrowing from other beliefs to create their own religious practices e g Raelians Scientology Problems with Defining Religion vs Secularism beliefs of the supernatural also exist in secular contexts distinguishing supernatural from the natural athlete s luck or divine interference what makes religious behavior varies greatly religion from secular sports games concerts Kinship Families Descent Kinship families descent and marriage are the basic building blocks of all societies Kinship Specific structured and organized human relationships of interdependence Families defined as two or more people related by blood marriage or adoption All kinship systems begin with what makes a family nurturing and enculturating children unit for economic cooperation Types of Families single parent nuclear extended nuclear is not a descent group impermanent family of orientation born into and family of procreation married into not a universal human trait extended family as the primary unit e g Bosnian Zadrugas and Nayar Tarawad household extended can also be families of orientation and procreation US family ideal nuclear Brazilian family ideal extended Descent rules for assigning social identity based on how a specific cultures defines ancestry Three Ways to Define 1 Unilineal relationships are recognized through one line of descent whether the mother s matrilineal or father s matrilineal kin lines 2 Ambilineal people can choose to recognize relationships through either their mother s or father s kin lines 3 Bilateral relationships are recognized through both lines of descent Three Types of Descent Groups descent group a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry and kinship 1 Lineage descent group with a common known ancestor patrilineage male line daughters leave to stay w husband s family patrilocal matrilineage female line sons leave to stay w wife s family matrilocal 2 Clan members believe they have a common ancestor made up of several lineages long historical background ancestor is a mythical figure nonhuman ancestors called totems 3 Bilateral Kindred membership is based on recognizing close relatives on the mother s and father s side Kinship Classification based on how cultures perceive their social worlds there are differences in linguistic terms not all cultures have the same idea of what cousin sister brother and etc mean no two individual will have the same kinship but patterns do exist Terms father F mother M son S daughter D brother B sister Z child C husband H wife W kinship terms vs biological types aunts FZ or MZ uncles FB or MB nephews BS or ZS nieces BD or ZD cousins FBS FBD MBS MBD parallel cousins children of your parents same sex siblings cross cousins children of your parents opposite sex siblings Four Kinship Classification Systems Lineal terminology distinguishes between lineal ancestors descendents and collateral sibling branches e g Eskimo Bifurcate Merging terminology split s mother s relatives from father s relatives merges parent s same sex siblings with one term e g Iroquois Generational terminology distinguishes only between generation and sex e g Hawaiian Bifurcate Collateral terminology distinguish relatives by mother s or father s side by generation and sex e g Sudanese