ANTH1102 1st EditionLecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. ReligionA. Types of Religioni. Shamanicii. Communaliii. Eccleciastical/Olympianiv. MonotheisticB. Expressions of ReligionOutline of Current LectureI. Religion and CultureA. Methods of ChangeB. Problems w/ Defining Religion vs. SecularismII. Kinship, Families, and DescentA. Defining KinshipB. Defining FamiliesC. Defining Descenti. 3 Rulesii. 3 TypesD. Kinship Terminology, Calculation, and Classification Current LectureReligion and Culture- acculturation- culture change (or opposing change)> revitalization movements> syncretisms: two religions converged, e.g. Santeria, cargo cults> antimodernism, some Christian and Islamic groups> fundamentalism: trying to establish an individual identity from widely accepted culture, some Christian, Islamic, and Jewish groups- diffusion- culture change> new religious belief systems> New Age Movements (borrowing from other beliefs to create their own religious practices), e.g. Raelians, ScientologyProblems with Defining Religion vs. Secularism- beliefs of the supernatural also exist in secular contexts- distinguishing supernatural from the natural (athlete’s luck or divine interference?)- what makes religious behavior varies greatly- religion from secular (sports games, concerts)Kinship, Families, Descent- Kinship, families, descent, and marriage are the basic building blocks of all societiesKinship- Specific, structured, and organized human relationships of interdependenceFamilies- defined as two or more people related by “blood”, marriage, or adoption- All kinship systems begin with what makes a family:> nurturing and enculturating children> unit for economic cooperation- Types of Families> single parent, nuclear, extended> nuclear is not a descent group/impermanent; family of orientation (born into) and family of procreation (married into)- not a universal human trait; extended family as the primary unit, e.g. Bosnian Zadrugas and Nayar Tarawad household> extended can also be families of orientation and procreation- US family ideal= nuclear, Brazilian family ideal= extendedDescent- rules for assigning social identity based on how a specific cultures defines ancestry- Three Ways to Define:1. Unilineal: relationships are recognized through one line of descent, whether the mother’s (matrilineal) or father’s (matrilineal) kin lines2. Ambilineal: people can choose to recognize relationships through either their mother’s or father’s kin lines3. Bilateral: relationships are recognized through both lines of descent- Three Types of Descent Groupsdescent group: a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry and kinship1. Lineage: descent group with a common known ancestor- patrilineage: male line, daughters leave (to stay w/ husband’s family), patrilocal- matrilineage: female line, sons leave (to stay w/ wife’s family), matrilocal2. Clan: members believe they have a common ancestor- made up of several lineages- long historical background- ancestor is a mythical figure (nonhuman ancestors called totems)3. Bilateral Kindred- membership is based on recognizing close relatives on the mother’s and father’s sideKinship Classification- based on how cultures perceive their social worlds- there are differences in linguistic terms: not all cultures have the same idea of what “cousin” “sister” “brother” and etc mean- no two individual will have the same kinship, but patterns do exist- Terms: father (F), mother (M), son (S), daughter (D), brother (B) , sister (Z), child (C), husband (H), wife (W)- kinship terms vs. biological types: aunts (FZ or MZ), uncles (FB or MB), nephews (BS or ZS), nieces (BD or ZD), cousins (FBS, FBD, MBS, MBD)> parallel cousins: children of your parents’ same-sex siblings> cross cousins: children of your parents’ opposite-sex siblings- Four Kinship Classification Systems> Lineal terminology- distinguishes between lineal: ancestors/descendents and collateral: sibling branches, e.g. Eskimo> Bifurcate Merging terminology- split’s mother’s relatives from father’s relatives (merges parent’s same sex siblings with one term), e.g. Iroquois> Generational terminology- distinguishes only between generation and sex, e.g. Hawaiian> Bifurcate Collateral terminology- distinguish relatives by mother’s or father’s side, by generation and sex, e.g.