ANTH1102 1st EditionLecture 4 Outline of Last LectureI. Culture (continued)A. Agency and PracticeB. PerspectiveC. Mechanisms of Cultural ChangeD. GlobalizationII. LanguageA. Linguistic AnthropologyB. Non-human and Primate CommunicationOutline of Current Lecture I. Language (continuedA. Findings (Primate Communication)B. Nonverbal CommunicationC. Nature vs. NurtureD. Chomsky’s Universal GrammarE. Sapir- Whorf HypothesisF. Cognitive AnthropologyG. Color PerceptionCurrent LectureLANGUAGE (cont.)Findings from Studying Primate Communication:- cultural transmission- through learning, from basic to language- productivity- creating new expressions- primates have no grammar syntax- mutated gene FOXP2 is the capacity for speech; the speech friendly form of FOXP2 in humans was present about 150,000 years ago- language advantage for Homo Sapiens (humans)-> adaptation> they can speak of things never experienced> they can anticipate responses before encountering stimuliNonverbal Communication- kinesics: study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions- other: strategic pause, altering pitch/voice level, grammatical forms; written- texting and online messaging, abbreviations and emoticons- the same gestures may mean different things in different parts of the world- descriptive linguistics: scientific study of spoken language> interrelated areas of analysis: phonology, morphology (study of morphemes; e.g. cat= 2 morphemes: cat + s), lexicon (dictionary of all morphemes and meanings), syntax (arrangement and order of words in phrases/sentences)Nature vs. Nurture- environmental hypothesis: humans have generalized intelligence- innate intelligence hypothesis: humans have specialized intelligence> genetic determinationChomsky’s Universal Grammar - Naom Chomsky (1955)- Believed humans’ ability to learn language stemmed from innate knowledge of certain structures of language- Common Structural Basis: learning foreign language, translating words/ideas, pidgins-> creolesSapir- Whorf Hypothesis- different languages produce different ways of thinking- focal vocabulary- Eskimos have multiple words for types of “snow” because they have more extreme climates/weather, Nuer of South Sudan have much cattle vocab, and skiers and Texas ranchers have words to accommodate/relate to their lifestylesCognitive Anthropology- the study of relationships between language, culture, and thought- semantics: a language’s meaning system- ethnosemantics: study of lexical vocabulary categories and contrasts; e.g. color terminology, kinship terms, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, ethno astronomy (non-Western people)Color Perception- Boas, Sapir, and Whorf: colors are learned, cultural categories- Berlin and Kay (1969) tested 21 languages and found different cultures have different focal vocabulary for