BIOL 111 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide o Types of biological inquiry Discovery science Has been around for 2500 years Aristotle looked at chick development incubated eggs and looked at what the chicks looked like after they hatched Hypothesis Enough data to make an educated guess as to what will happen in the experiment Hypothesis a tentative answer to a well framed question testable falsifiable verifiable Scientific theory very broad in scope compared to a hypothesis which is very specific o Is bakced up by scientific evidence o Can be modifed or rejected o Leads to new hypotheses Examples of Sceintific theory o Supported Cell theory atomic evolutionary chromosomal o Rejected 5 kingdom theory of biodiversity Inductive and deductive reasoning o Deductive reasoning arrives at a specific conclusion based on generalizations Inductive reasoning takes events and makes generalizations Chemical bonds o Covalent the electrons in the valance shell are being shared Non polar covalent equal sharing of electrons between the two elements Polar covalent unequal sharing of electrons between the two element the electrons are more attracted to one element than the other Polar covalent bonds and electronegativity Electronegativity property of an atom to have a greater attraction to electrons in a bond o Ionic electrons are transferred from one atom to another due to electronegativity creates ions The atoms created are now ions because they are charged Salts dissolve in water and there are weak attractions between and poles o Hydrogen bond Van der Waals forces interactions Weak intermolecular forces that involve attractions between and poles ex Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bond weak chemical bond between a H atom and an electronegative atom such as O N S or P Buffering o Since most living cells exist between pH 6 5 8 0 o Buffering molecules in around cells minimize changes in H and OH by accepting Hydrocarbon anything that contains hydrogen and carbon can only be hydrocarbon o Gasoline and oil are examples of hydrocarbons as they are combustible have all covalent bonds and are hydrophobic o Isomers compounds with the same of atoms but different arrangements thus different properties isotopes have the same number of protons Isomers vs isotopes o Isomers same of atoms different arrangements o Isotopes same of protons different of neutrons Functional groups Name Structure Properties Hydroxyl Polar because the oxygen is electronegative Hydrogen bonded to an oxygen Carbonyl Polar in sugars Carbon double bonded to an oxygen Carboxyl Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and bonded to a hydroxyl group Polar acidic in amino acids fatty acids Acid due to a carboxyl group attached to the molecule Amino Can form to an additional bond with hydrogen and will decrease the amount of free hydrogen s in the solution making them always basic Sulfhydryl Found in a few amino acids important to protein structure Phosphate Very polar lots of negatively charged atoms in nucleic acids ATP and phospholipids Methyl Addition to DNA or other molecules affects function of that molecule Made up of a carbon and 3 hydrogens Macromolecules Molecule Carbohydrates Lipids Protiens Function s Store energy can also be structural elements in a cell Store energy structural hormones signaling Widely varied table 5 1 Nucleic acids Instructions for building and reporduction Microscopes o Light microscopes use light to shine on through the specimen Can magnify from 1000 2000X o Electron microscope can magnify much more and can be used to see viruses and bacteria o Two different types of cells Prokaryotes bacteria and archaea single cell organisms found in very extreme environments Pro before karyote nucleus Components DNA do not have ANY membrane bound components Eukaryotes o Fluid mosaic model early 1970s Fluid lipids Mosaic protiens integral and peripheral Movement of phospholipids Lateral movement movement side to side which occurs approximately 10 7 times per second Flip flop movement switch places across the membrane which occurs once per month Cholesterol at high temperature decrease into fluidity at low temperature more fluidity fluidity meter o Functions of protiens Transport Enzyme activity Signal transduction Cell to cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular membrane ECM Cell membranes o Why is selective permeability important o What is transported in out of cells o How is it transported Hydrophobic or nonpolar O2 CO2 steroids Hydrophilic polar or charged Water protiens saccharides ions Diffusion o Tendency for molecules ot spread out o Down concentration gradient o If across biological membrane via passive transport no energy requires o Lab examples potassium permanganate or starch amylase Osmosis o Diffusion of water o Down concentration gradient You have to think of what the concentration of the amount of free molecules there are Move from the high concentration of free molecules o Via passive transport no energy required o Across a selectively permeable membrane Aquaporin o Channel proteins specific for water o Allow fast diffusion through cell membrane o 1st reported 1992 o Discovery awarded 1003 Nobel Prize in chemistry Related terms o Tonicity property of a solution in reference to a particular membrane Isotonic not net movement or solutions have equal solute Hypertonic solution has higher solute compared to other Hypotonic solution has lower solute compared to other Movement across membrane o Simple diffusion passive transport Direct movement across membrane Down concentration gradient Usually small hydrophobic CO2 O2 hydrocarbons o Facilitated diffusion passive transport Transport protiens required Down concentration gradient Used for hydrophilic molecules polar ions etc
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