Chapter 1 Part 1 Define science biology and life Identify the two types of scientific reasoning Describe the flow of information used in inductive and deductive reasoning Interpret examples and determine type of reasoning used Describe the steps used in the scientific method Define hypothesis and null hypothesis Define dependent independent and control variables Apply understanding of variables to identify independent dependent and control variables in an experiment Compare contrast a scientific hypothesis theory and law Summarize the four major scientific theories presented cell theory gene theory theory of heredity theory of evolution Independent variable Dependent variable Control variable Inductive reasoning Scientific theory Deductive reasoning Scientific law Science Biology Life Hypothesis Null hypothesis What is science What is biology Systematic study of the structure The science that studies life and behavior of the natural and physical world The study of Social sciences Natural sciences Physical sciences Life sciences Astronomy Geology Chemistry Physics Biology And on And on And on Basic or pure science Applied Science Science done to simply gain Science applied to real world knowledge regardless of problems Think technology application Knowledge for the sake of knowledge Two main processes of scientific inquiry 1 2 Inductive Reasoning Discovery or descriptive science Aims to observe explore and discover Describes structures or processes through observation and analysis of data Flow is Generalizations based on a specific observations Deductive Reasoning Hypothesis based science Begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested Flow is Use of a existing idea to predict specific testable results Word Bank Group activity Describe the flow of information used in inductive and deductive reasoning Collect data to test hypothesis Support reject hypothesis Derive general conclusion Idea based on existing theory Develop hypothesis Recognize patterns Make specific observations Analyze data Inductive Deductive A method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observations Does science really operate in this strict linear fashion Make an observation Ask a question Form a hypothesis that answers the question Try again Make a prediction based on the hypothesis Do an experiment to test the hypothesis Analyze the results Hypothesis is Hypothesis is SUPPORTED NOT SUPPORTED Report results Hypothesis Is a suggested explanation which can be tested Must be BUT can NOT only or A hypothesis is always subject to change modification with further information Null hypothesis states that there will be no difference no effect or no relationship between the variables It is NOT the opposite of the hypothesis What is a variable What is a control Types of variables Independent variable Dependent variable Experiments must be designed to test the effect of one variable Control variables Try to keep all other factors the same between control groups and experimental groups To cancel the effects of unwanted variables Researchers typically cannot control all factors in an experiment Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Scientific Theory Scientific Law Foundation of scientific Describe how elements of nature knowledge will behave under specific Defined as a hypothesis that has conditions been repeatedly tested and not Often expressed in mathematical yet falsified formulas Supported by a large body of Found in other scientific evidence disciplines but not really biology Constantly being challenged tested and modified as new information is obtained Is there an evolution of a hypothesis to a theory to a laws Evolution of the cell theory 2 Cell theory states 1 3 Antony van Leeuwenhoek 1600 s Skilled at crafting lenses Observed movement of protists and sperm Collectively called them animalcules Later discovered bacteria and protozoa 1670 s Robert Hooke 1665 Coined the term cell Advances in lenses and microscopes enabled other scientists to see different components in cells Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann late 1830 s Proposed unified cell theory Genes are the basic units of inheritance and are comprised of DNA Provides the foundation for the field of genetics Genes located on chromosomes are passed down from parent to offspring Diploid 2n organisms get two copies of each chromosome Different versions of the same gene alleles exist and cause variation variation Mutations crossing over during reproduction also product An individual can pass on a trait they do not express How x Homozygous Dominant Homozygous Recessive Simply defined as change over time Process through which the characteristics of a species change and through which new species arise All species of living organisms evolved at some point from a different species iClicker word cloud What is the first name that comes to mind when you hear the word evolution Part 2 Name the smallest unit of life Summarize the characteristics used to define life Cell Order Sensitivity to stimuli Reproduction Growth development Regulation Homeostasis Energy processing Adaptation 1 What are the shared properties characteristics that make something alive 2 If something is alive how do we find meaningful organization of its structures 3 Given the remarkable diversity of life how do we organize all of the organisms What is the simplest form of life All living organisms share several key characteristics Cells Characteristics that define life The smallest unit of life 1 Order Some organisms consist of a single 2 Sensitivity or response to stimuli cell unicellular Others contain many cells multicellular 3 Reproduction 4 Growth and development 5 Regulation 6 Homeostasis 7 Energy processing 8 Evolution Adaptation There is no universally accepted definition of life however most people subscribe to the idea that cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of life Together these serve to define life Examine the cartoon below What s happening here Which of these meet the qualifications used to define life Cells are loosely defined into two ALL cells share four components groups 1 1 2 2 3 4 Part 3 Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Describe the relative sizes of different types of cells Understand the features used to divide prokaryotes into two domains Explain how prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission Prokaryote Eukaryote Unicellular Multicellular Capsule Cell wall Plasma membrane
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