Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Energy Concepts What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common Hint Think about their presence in cells and their evolutionary origin Which of the following is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy A A molecule of glucose B Cells e g bacteria ingested for food by other cells e g an amoeba C Phagocytosis D Mitochondria Explain your choice Cell Structure and Function Which organelle is NOT considered part of the cell s endomembrane system Hint It s involved in energy production Last week biologists in Tel Aviv made a groundbreaking discovery What did they nd in a multicellular organism that completely lacks a mitochondrial genome Thermodynamics Fermentation Describe the second law of thermodynamics Provide an example of cooperativity What is produced when animals undergo fermentation Hint It s a compound that accumulates during anaerobic metabolism 2 Enzymes and Inhibition HIV is the virus that causes AIDS Researchers discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease If researchers found drugs that t into the enzyme s active site and blocked it what phenomenon would this be an example of Hint Think about enzyme inhibition Your patient lost a large quantity of blood and received a transfusion of distilled water What will be the most probable result for the patient s red blood cells 1 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Answers Commonalities Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are double membraned organelles found in eukaryotic cells Mitochondria Responsible for cellular respiration producing ATP adenosine triphosphate from glucose Chloroplasts Found in plant cells involved in photosynthesis converting light energy into chemical energy glucose 2 Energy Concepts Answer A A molecule of glucose Explanation Glucose stores energy in its chemical bonds making it an example of potential energy 3 Cell Structure and Function Organelle outside the endomembrane system Mitochondria They are not part of the endomembrane system but play a crucial role in energy production Discovery Scientists found a multicellular organism without a mitochondrial genome This challenges the conventional understanding that mitochondria are essential for all eukaryotic cells 4 Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy disorder tends to increase in a closed system over time Cooperativity When one substrate molecule binds to an enzyme it enhances the binding of subsequent substrate molecules 5 Fermentation Product of Animal Fermentation Lactic acid During anaerobic metabolism animal cells produce lactic acid as an end product 6 Enzymes and Inhibition Inhibition Example Blocking HIV protease s active site with drugs is an example of competitive inhibition Patient s Red Blood Cells After receiving a transfusion of distilled water the red blood cells will likely swell and burst due to osmotic pressure Questions and Answers 1 Photosynthesis The net effect of photosynthesis chemically is reduction leading to the formation of which products A Carbon dioxide and carbohydrates B Carbon dioxide and protein C Oxygen and carbohydrates D Oxygen and ATP Answer C Oxygen and carbohydrates Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose a simple carbohydrate using carbon dioxide and water ATP is produced in a different process called cellular respiration 2 Cell Membrane What is a cell membrane A Permeable B Semipermeable C Nonpermeable D None of the above Answer B Semipermeable The cell membrane surrounds the cell and selectively allows certain materials such as oxygen and water to enter while keeping harmful substances out 3 Enzymes A cell uses which of the following to accelerate chemical reactions enabling its metabolic machinery to operate A Centrosome B Lysosome C Golgi apparatus D Enzymes A Photosynthesis B Respiration C Hydroplasm D Digestion Answer D Enzymes Enzymes are catalysts that speed up biological chemical reactions compensating for the conditions inside cells that do not allow reactions to proceed quickly enough 4 Metabolic Sequence Which of the following is not part of the metabolic sequence Answer C Hydroplasm Photosynthesis respiration and digestion are all examples of metabolic pathways Hydroplasm is not a known metabolic sequence 5 Animal Cell Organelles Which of the following are NOT organelles found in animal cells Additional options not shown in the snippet Answer The options not shown include E Chloroplasts F Central vacuole G Cell wall Correct Answer E Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are found in plant cells not animal cells
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