Bio Unit 4 Study Guide I Lecture 26 Introduction to Ecology A Terms 1 Population 2 Community 3 Ecosystem 4 Biome 5 Benthic 6 Pelagic 7 Photic 8 Aphotic 9 Wetland 10 River 11 Estruary Coral Reef 12 Tropical Forest 13 Desert 14 Temperatre Broadleaf Forest Lecture Notes 1 Ecology is studied at multiple levels of organization B a Individual b Population c Community d Ecosystem e Landscape f Biosphere 2 How do organisms interact with their environment 3 Ecology the study of factors influences the distribution and abundance of organisms a Red Kangaroo in Australia 1 Map showing how dense the population is 2 No kangaroos on the coast they appear to like drier areas 3 Environmental factors affect where the species is 4 b Other factors than climate can influence abundance distribution 1 Study looking at effects of two different predators on algae 2 Algae by itself gets very common and eventual plateaus 3 Algae with its predator goes up more and is eventually the same amount 4 Algae with sea urchin completely disappears Bio Unit 4 Study Guide 5 5 4 Amount of Solar energy is a major influence on climate a Most obvious is global pattern 1 Colder climates further from equator 2 Has to do with the angle that the sun s rays hit the earth 3 Sun rays hit the earth 90o angle on the equator 4 Further from the equator the rays hit at more of an angle spread at larger area so latitudes away from equator are not as hot b Solar radiation varies seasonally 1 Equator cities have almost exactly same temperature all year long 2 More seasons away from equator 3 Earth is tilt on axis i Tilt doesn t change but as it rotates around the sun the tilt relativity changes ii Tilted toward the sun north in summer south in winter iii Tilted away from the sun north in winter south in summer Bio Unit 4 Study Guide 4 5 Surface Heating drives Air Circulation a The ground warms up faster than water b The air above the ground gets heated up faster c Hot air rises taking moisture with it 1 As air gets higher it cools down because air pressure is lower becomes less dense can hold less heat 2 When air cools it holds LESS MOISTURE It rains moves away from equatorial level d e Cold air will sink back down to earth warm back up again gain more moisture f 6 Effects of Water on Climate Local Effects on Climate 1 How close you are to the water a i Ocean temperature changes very slowly ii Living close to the coast it s more moist doesn t get as cold or as hot iii Bio Unit 4 Study Guide b Rainshadows by mountains 1 Air currents occur 2 Air is moving west east 3 Moist air comes off the ocean hits mountain rises to go over mountain and gets colder loses moisture and rains 4 Sides of mountain closer to ocean has more rain 5 Sides of mountain away from ocean has less rain 6 Some of the driest climates are on the east side of mountains 1 Biomes different biological environments found in different parts of the world 7 c Distribution of Aquatic Habitats i Orange color coral reef biome ii 2 dash lines tropics iii Solid middle line equator 1 Coral reefs found in tropical regions warm enviroments 2 More on the eastern side of the world 3 Big rivers rump fresh water nutrients silk a Coral reefs don t adapt w that usually found away from large rivers iv Biomes look similar some species are the same some are different v 7 Zones in the ocean a Many animals in ocean have big ranges b They differ in different parts of ocean more than in different parts of the world c Photic Zone light blue light can penetrate this zone d Aphotic Zone no light nutrients come from things in the photic zone e Deep sea vents pump energy and complex organic molecules for the organisms that have adopted there Bio Unit 4 Study Guide f 8 Fresh Water Zones a Zones are broken up spatially lakes streams 1 These are quite small highly influenced by the land around them 2 The water on ground seeps forms streams takes nutrients away i This starts the river the right pic ii There are few kinds of life in rivers 3 Pic on left wide enough river so trees cant block light i Photosynthesis can occur ii It is more nutrient rich 4 b Last pic has many nutrients Bio Unit 4 Study Guide 1 4 9 Land Biomes a Each color represents different habitats 1 Pale green wet tropical forests 2 Tan deserts 3 Don t see the same species at any particular point b Graph showing climate space for each biome Bio Unit 4 Study Guide 1 2 Y axis temperature 3 X axis wetness 4 The graph shows that there are overlaps 2 or 3 different biomes can overlap 5 Further away from the equator it gets more seasonal i This graph doesn t take seasons into account ii Seasons can make a huge different iii Example San Diego vs Touson 1 Same temperatures same rain 2 Different seasonalities different species iv San Diego 1 Contains coastal shrub 2 Rains mostly in the winter more gently 3 More water available 4 More stable climate because close to ocean v Touson 1 Desert 2 Contains cacti 3 Rainfalls in summer in big storms 4 Water evaporates in the sky 5 6 Can snow here less stable climate Less water is available c Tropical Forest wet 1 Very widespread 2 Warm temps abundant rainfall 3 Not a lot of seasonality 4 Very tall trees 5 Many layers of plants 6 Many of species Bio Unit 4 Study Guide 7 d Desert 1 Occur widely 2 Very low rainfall dry if you see dead cacti or other plants they won t rot because there s not enough moisture fungi to break down the plant 3 Soil is nutrient poor 4 C Book Notes Lecture 27 Populations and Life History A Terms II 1 Mark recapture 2 Type I II III survivorship curves 3 Fecundity 4 Mortality 5 Senescence 6 Immigration 7 Emigration B Class Notes 1 Characteristics a How many Hector s dolphins are there b What s the population size c Mark and Recapture resight in this case 1 m individuals originally marked 180 2 n individuals in second sample 44 3 n individuals in BOTH samples Bio Unit 4 Study Guide 4 x n m N 5 7 44 180 N 6 N 180 44 7 1 131 4 7 What are the assumptions i That x n is actually the proportion of the total population ii Don t want too much time to pass population can change iii Equally likely to recapture marked individuals iv Animals can learn from getting trapped 1 Some are trap happy 2 What forces influence population size a Birth rate b Death rate c Immigration moving in d Emigration moving out 3 How are individuals …
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