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FSU BSC 2011 - Mollusca

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How does Mollusca fit in?Phylum Mollusca “soft bodied” animalsMollusca CharacteristicsSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7HAM (Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusc)Molluscan RadiationSlide 10Phylum MolluscaClass Gastropoda snails and slugsTorsionCoilingClass GastropodaClass Gastropoda Subclass ProsobranchiaSlide 17Class Gastropoda Subclass OpisthobranchiaSlide 19Slide 20Class Gastropoda Subclass OpisthobranchiaSlide 22Class Gastropoda Subclass PulmonataClass Bivalvia (class Pelecypoda) the “bivalves”Class BivalviaClass Cephalopoda the squids, octopus, nautilus, and cuttlefishClass CephalopodaSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Class Polyplacophora the “chitons”Class PolyplacophoraClass Scaphopoda the “tusk shells”Class ScaphopodaEcologySlide 38Slide 39WebsitesHow does Mollusca fit in?unknown common ancestorPoriferaCnidariaPlatyhelminthesNemerteaNematodaRotiferaArthropodaAnnelidaMolluscaPhylum Mollusca “soft bodied” animalsMollusca CharacteristicsTriploblasticCephalizationBilateral SymmetryOrgan level of organizationEucoelomateProtostomeMollusca CharacteristicsGas Exchange• mainly gills, however terrestrial species have evolved lungs Circulatory System• open circulatory system (in most classes)• heart and blood sinusesExcretion• most have kidneys (metanephridia)Nervous system• ventral nerve cords, sensory organsMollusca Characteristics• complete with regional specialization• Radula: a tongue-like organ bearing rows of teeth that is used in feeding (scraping, drilling, etc.)Digestive Systemhole made by a moon snail radulaMollusca CharacteristicsReproduction• monoecious and dioecious species exist• usually internal fertilization• indirect development with the presence of a trochophore larva (link to annelids), and in most cases a veliger larvatrochophoreveliger• head-foot: contains sensory organs and muscles• visceral mass: contains digestive, reproductive, circulatory organs• mantle: secretes the shell (if there is one), cavity contains gills or lungsMollusca CharacteristicsBody PlanshellfootVisceral massmantlemantle cavityHAM(Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusc)Digestive glandMouthRadulaNerve collarIntestineGillAnusNephridiumShellMantleNerve cordsfootcoelomheartgonadsheadMolluscan Radiation• There are approximately 50,000 living species in phylum Mollusca (35,000 are extinct)• The great morphological diversity is the result of elaboration on the basic body plan (HAM)Molluscan RadiationHAMCephalopoda• lobed foot• highly developed head• shell reduced or lostPolyplacophora• shell consists of 8 platesGastropoda• torsion• coiling of the shellScaphopoda• ventral shell fusionBivalvia• bivalved shell • dorsal hingePhylum MolluscaClass GastropodaClass BivalviaClass CephalopodaClass PolyplacophoraClass ScaphopodaClass Gastropodasnails and slugsTorsion• twisting of the visceral mass through a 180° rotation• 1st 90° rotation usually occurs at the veliger stage • the 2nd 90° rotation usually takes longer and occurs later• after torsion, the anus and mantle cavity end up over the head• this poses a serious fouling problem and many gastropods have lost their right gills, kidneys and heart auricles mouthmouthanusanusanusgillsgillsgillsCoilingShell shifts over body for betterweight distributionApex of shell extends out making the shell more compactPlanospiral shellConispiral shellClass GastropodaSubclass ProsobranchiaSubclass OpisthobranchiaSubclass PulmonataClass GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia• aquatic snails (marine and freshwater)• have undergone torsion and most have undergone shell coiling• have gills• all have shells • use radula for feeding; can be herbivores, carnivores, or detritivoresIn some, mantle extends over shellClass GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia• snails often lay eggs in protective capsulesClass GastropodaSubclass Opisthobranchia• sea hares and sea slugs (nudibranchs)• have undergone detorsion• have gills• sea hares have a reduced shell • sea slugs have no shellClass GastropodaSubclass Opisthobranchia• sea hares and sea slugs (nudibranchs)Class GastropodaSubclass Opisthobranchia• they usually crawl along the bottom but many can also swim by using their modified mantle as “wings”Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia• all are monoecious• sea hares often form “mating chains”acts as male onlyact as both males and females simultaneouslyacts as female onlyClass Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia• sea slugs often lay “ribbons” of eggs which stick to the substrateClass GastropodaSubclass Pulmonata• land snails and land slugs • have lungs• land slugs have undergone detorsion and have lost their shellClass Bivalvia(class Pelecypoda)the “bivalves”Class Bivalvia• clams, mussels, oysters, scallops • use gills for respiration and filter feeding • shell is modified into a bivalved shell connected by muscles and ligaments• no head (reduced sensory organs), no radula• foot can be modified for diggingdorsalanteriorposteriorventralumbo-the oldest part of the shellridges show where mantle has laid down shellClass Cephalopodathe squids, octopus, nautilus, and cuttlefishRichard E. Young, Michael Vecchione and Katharina M. MangoldClass Cephalopoda• shell is present, reduced, or lost• all are predacious with beak-like jaws• highly developed head and sensory organs (very intelligent)• closed circulatory system• swim via jet propulsion• foot is lobed and forms tentacles• direct development (no larvae)Class CephalopodaNautilus:• have a chambered shell that aids in maintaining buoyancy• chambers are filled with gassiphuncle(cord of tissue connected to visceral mass)chambersClass CephalopodaSquids:• have a reduced, internal shell shell called the penCuttlefish:• have a reduced, internal shell shell called a cuttlefish boneClass CephalopodaOctopus:• have lost the shell completely• most intelligent invertebrateClass Cephalopoda• male transfers a spermatophore to female using a special pair of tentacles • female seals herself up in a den to lay eggs which she attaches to the top of the den• she cares for these eggs (in some species up to 6.5months) • after the eggs hatch she usually diesReproductionClass Cephalopoda• the largest giant squid found to date have been 18 meters in length • they live in the deep sea• sperm whales (~20m in length) are their major predatorsClass Polyplacophorathe “chitons”Class Polyplacophora• have 8


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FSU BSC 2011 - Mollusca

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Exam 4

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Test 2

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Phylum

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LECTURE

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Exam 2

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CNIDARIAN

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EXAM 3

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Notes

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