Biology 2 – Final Exam Study GuideLecture 1 (Intro)o Know the four units of the course Genetics, development, evolution, ecologyo Know, in basic terms, what is meant by development, genetics, evolution, and ecology. Development: how organisms are formed from single cells Genetics: how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring Evolution: characteristics or organisms change over generations Ecology: the interaction between organisms and the environmento Know the fundamental properties of life Hierarchical Levels of Organization: molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere Interaction with environment: including other organisms and physical factors Structure and Function: form fits function; how an organisms works correlates with its structure Cells: an organism’s basic unit of structure and function; can perform all activities required for life Inheritance and DNA: DNA ensures inheritance over generations Feedback Mechanisms: the product of a process regulates that process Negative feedback: accumulation of an end product slows the process Positive feedback: end product speeds up its own production Evolution: the process of change that has transformed life on earth over time; theme of biologyo Understand the scientific method Observations, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, resultso Terminology – Levels of Organization Biosphere: all life on earth and the places where life exists Ecosystem: all living things in an area, with the components of that environment Community: organisms in an ecosystem Population: individuals of a species in one area Organism: an individual living thing Organ/organ system: carries a particular function in the body Tissue: a group of cells Cell: the fundamental unit of structure/function Organelle: fundamental component in cells Molecule: structure of atoms DNA: the substance of genes; the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring Inquiry: a search for information and explanation Hypothesis: an explanation on trial; a tentative answer to a question Experiment: serves to test the predictionLecture 2 (Mitosis)o Understand the cell theory and how it relates to the properties of life All cells come from pre-existing cells and are the basic unit of all living organisms.o Know that DNA is organized into structures called chromosomeso Understand why the chromatin in chromosomes can coil up to form a compact structure for the purpose of cell division They condense to be distinguishable from each othero Know the multiple functions of cell division Growth, development, reproductiono Know that cell division results in genetically identical daughter cellso Know the structure of a eukaryotic chromosomeo Know that the cell cycle consists of both DNA replication and cell divisiono Terminology - Histone: proteins responsible for basic DNA packing in chromatin Chromatin: the entire complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes Nucleosome: the basic unit of DNA packing; the beads on chromatin Sister chromatid: two are present in each duplicated chromosome Centromere: a region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid Genome: all of a cell’s genetic information Somatic cell: all body cells except the reproductive cells Gamete: reproductive cells, sperm and eggs Mitosis: the division of the genetic material in the nucleus Meiosis: cell division of reproductive cellso Know that cells grow, synthesize DNA, and divide in a cycle with distinct phaseso Know that separation of the sister chromatids occurs during Mitosiso Know the major stages of Mitosis and what happens in eacho Understand that mitosis evolved from a simpler mechanism in prokaryotes and that multiple evolutionary paths are possibleo Understand that the spindle moves chromatids through tubule shortening.o Know that mitosis in plants is somewhat different than in animalso Understand that the cell cycle is controlled by molecules present in the cytoplasm that regulate movement of the cycle past ‘checkpoints’o Know that cancer is the result of a failure of control of the cell cycleo Terminology – Interphase: G1: cell growth S: synthesis, duplication, further growth G2: completes cell division preparations Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm Mitotic spindle: fibers of microtubules and proteins that regulate mitosisLecture 3 (Intro to Development)o Know that Fungal bodies are composed of hyphae of similar cellso Know that plant bodies are divided into roots and shootso Know that development in plants is an ongoing processo Understand that meristems are sites of cell division and that development follows division.o Understand that animals have complex bodies that are hierarchically organized with numerous organ systems.o Terminology - Hyphae: a network of tiny filaments formed from fungi; connects the organism to its environment for nutrients Mycelium: interwoven mass formed from hyphae that infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds Meristem: undifferentiated tissues that divide when conditions permit, leading to new cells that can elongate Primary: apical meristems located at the tips allow growth in length Secondary: lateral meristems allows growth in thickness Root cap: covers the tip to protect the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil during primary growth Node: the point at which leaves are attached Tissue: a group of cells that perform a specialized function together Organ: several types of tissues that carry out specific functionso Understand that development is important because it is the process responsible for the diversity of lifeo Understand that development is important because it explains how cell form and function are controlled.o Understand that cell division pattern and cell position can affect cell form and function.Lecture 4 (Gene Expression)o Know that gene expression refers to the transcription and translation of genes.o Know that not all genes are expressed in all cells.o Understand that cell differentiation is largely a result of expressiono Know that gene expression can be controlled by either positive or negative
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