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BSC2011- UNIT 2Lecture 11: Reproduction(Sections: 13.1, 13.2)- Know that asexual reproduction results in genetically identical offspring- Know that asexual reproduction is genetically the same as cloning- Know that sexual reproduction results in genetically similar but not identical offspring- Know that asexual reproduction is the result of mitosis- Know that chromosomes exist as homologous pairs in diploids- Know and understand why meiosis produces haploid daughter cells from diploid parentso Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of setsof chromosomes from two to one in the gametes, counterbalancing the doubling that occurs at fertilization. End product is 4 haploid cells. Haploid cells: gametes contain a single set of chromosomes. For humans, the haploid number is 23. Diploid cells: any cell with two chromosome sets. For humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n = 46)- Know that sexual life cycles alternate meiosiso Plants and some species of algae exhibit a second type of life cycle called alternation of generations. This type includes both diploid and haploid stages that are Multicellular.  The Multicellular diploid stage is called the sporophyte. Meiosis in the sporophyte produces haploid cells called spores.  Unlike a gamete, a haploid spore doesn’t fuse with anothercell but divides mitotically, generating a Multicellular haploid stage called the gametophyte. - Know that sexual life cycles vary in the timing of meiosis and fertilizationHomologous Chromosome: (homologous pair) The two chromosomes composing a pair have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother.Sister Chromatid: Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at centromere and, sometimes, along the arms. Whilejoined, two sister chromatids form a chromosome.- Sister chromatids from the of same chromosome are genetically identicalGamete: A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. (Sperm and Eggs)Zygote: The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg. (Fertilized Egg)Meiosis: A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. - It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as theoriginal cell. Fertilization: The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. Gonad: The male and female sex organs; the gamete-producing organs in most animals (testes and ovaries)Sexual Reproduction: A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes. Asexual Reproduction: The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). -In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parentClone: A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. COMPARING… Mitosis- genetically identical daughter cells- Development, growth, and asexual reproduction- Produces haploid cellsMeiosis- Daughter cells contain a subset of Parent cell’s genes.- Sexual Reproduction (formation of gametes)Lecture 12: Meiosis(Sections: 13.3, 13.4)- Understand that meiosis produces haploid daughter cells by separating homologous pairs of chromosomes so that one homolog goes to each cell. - Know the stages of meiosis and what happens in eacho Interphase: Chromosomes duplicate into sister chromatids.o Prophase 1: Chromosomes begin to condense, and homologs loosely pair along their lengths, aligned gene by gene. o Metaphase 1: Pairs of homologous chromosomes are nowarranged at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome in each pair facing each pole. o Anaphase 1: Breakdown of proteins responsible for sister chromatid cohesion along chromatid arms allows homologsto separate. The homologs move toward opposite poles, guided by the spindle apparatus. o Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis: Each half of the cell has acomplete haploid set of duplicated chromosomes. Cytokinesis forms two haploid daughter cells. - Understand that the pairing of homologs and crossing over both occur in Prophase 1. - Understand that both the random assortment of homologs into daughter cells and the process of crossing over result in genetically variable gametes- Know that special molecules prevent the separation of sister chromatids in Anaphase 1- Know the stages of meiosis and what happens in eacho Interphase: Chromosomes duplicate into sister chromatids.o Prophase 1: Chromosomes begin to condense, and homologs loosely pair along their lengths, aligned gene by gene. o Metaphase 1: Pairs of homologous chromosomes are nowarranged at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome in each pair facing each pole. o Anaphase 1: Breakdown of proteins responsible for sister chromatid cohesion along chromatid arms allows homologsto separate. The homologs move toward opposite poles, guided by the spindle apparatus.o Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis: Each half of the cell has acomplete haploid set of duplicated chromosomes. Cytokinesis forms two haploid daughter cells. - Know the meiosis consists of two stages: meiosis 1 and 2o Meiosis 1: Homologous chromosomes are separated.o Meiosis 2: Sister chromatids are separatedSynapsis: During prophase 1, this state allows the pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes. Crossing Over: The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids, during prophase 1. Chiasma: The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase 1 between homologous non-sister chromatids. Chiasmata become visible after synapsis ends, with the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion. Meiosis I: the first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. Meiosis II: The second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. Lecture 13: Mendelian Genetics(Section: 14.1)- How did Mendel do his experiments? o


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FSU BSC 2011 - Lecture notes

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