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BSC2011 Dixon Exam 3 Study Guide Lecture 19 Concepts 1 Be able to explain the difference between natural selection and evolution Evolution is a gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form whereas natural selection is the process in nature by which according to Darwin s theory of evolution only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit their genetic characteristics in increasing numbers to succeeding generations while those less adapted tend to be eliminated Natural selection is one mechanism by which evolution occurs 2 Be able to explain the basic principles of natural selection 1 All populations have genetic variation 2 The environment presents challenges to successful reproduction fitness survival 3 Individuals that are better able to cope with the challenges presented by their environment tend to leave more offspring than those individuals less suited to the environment Inheritable characteristics 4 Individuals tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support over population competition 3 Be able to distinguish between evolutionary change and other kinds of changes Adaptations inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments Artificial selection humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits 4 Know that evolution produces allele frequency changes inherited phenotypic changes differences among populations new phenotypes and new species and phylogenetic relationships 5 Know that individuals do NOT evolve over time populations do Lecture 20 Concepts 1 Know that Darwin came up with his ideas after voyage on the Beagle Galapagos animals were influential Darwin hypothesized that the Galapagos had been colonized by organisms that had strayed from South America and then diversified giving rise to new species on the various islands 2 Know that Wallace independently came up with same idea He asked Darwin to evaluate his paper 3 Be able to explain the five ideas in Darwin s theory 1 Members of a population have a heritable variations 2 In a population more individuals are produced each generations that can survive or reproduce 3 Some individuals have adaptive characteristics that enable them to survive and reproduce better than other individuals 4 An increasing proportions of individuals in succeeding generations have the adaptive characteristics due to the genetic inheritance of traits 5 The result of natural selection is a population adapted to it 4 Know that exposure to the diversity of life around the world was an important influence 5 Understand the basic process of natural selection Survival of the fittest improves the breed over time The lions eat the slow Antelope so the faster Antelopes live long enough to breed and Antelopes get faster over the generations Slow Lions can t catch Antelopes and starve so Lions also get faster over the generations Nature selects the best of the population to breed by killing the unfit Natural Selection is what this is called 6 Understand that evolution can be depicted as a branching tree Terms Evolution the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth Natural selection the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring Fitness is a central idea in evolutionary theory It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment Adaptation the process by which an animal or plant becomes fitted to its environment It is the result of natural selection acting on inherited variation Phylogeny the history of the evolution of a species or group especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms Lecture 21 Concepts significance 1 Be able to describe the different types of evidence for evolution and explain their Life on Islands When Darwin stopped at the Galapagos Islands he discovered bird species that looked similar but were of different species on each island or found the same species on adjacent islands they all resembled species living on South America Darwin hypothesized that the Galapagos had been colonized by organisms that had strayed from South America and then diversified giving rise to new species on the various islands Fossil Record Fossil record documents the pattern of evolution showing that past organisms differed from present day organisms and that many species have become extinct Fossils also show the evolutionary changes that have occurred in various groups of organisms Recent fossil discoveries document the formation of new species and the origin of major new groups of mammals flowering plants and tetrapods Fossil records show that over time descent with modification produced increasingly large differences among related groups of organisms ultimately resulting in the diversity of life we see today Observation of Natural Selection Darwin s observations of the finches on the islands They all had various beaks that helped them adapt to the specific foods on their home islands Natural selection is the process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits Artificial Selection Humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits This is significant because breeders of different plants or animals can wipe out the undesired traits and maximize full potential of the species with the desirable traits Comparative Anatomy The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species Convergent Forms Similar features in different lineages consider marsupials and eutherians a sugar glider VS a flying squirrel They may look similar but the sugar glider is a marsupial which complete their development in an external pouch while a flying squirrel is a eutherian and completes its embryonic development inside the uterus They share the ability glide but are two distantly related mammals Ontogeny the process of an individual organism growing organically a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level This does not mean the


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FSU BSC 2011 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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Concepts

Concepts

16 pages

Lecture 2

Lecture 2

21 pages

Exam #1

Exam #1

24 pages

Ecology

Ecology

12 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

10 pages

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Ecology

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25 pages

Ecology

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Exam 1

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Lecture 1

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19 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

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Exam 1

15 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

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Ecology

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Lecture 1

60 pages

Lecture 1

Lecture 1

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Exam 4

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Ecology

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10 pages

Lecture 1

Lecture 1

57 pages

Lecture 1

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57 pages

Lecture 1

Lecture 1

76 pages

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Ecology

Ecology

15 pages

Ecology

Ecology

9 pages

Ecology

Ecology

16 pages

Ecology

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14 pages

EXAM 4

EXAM 4

16 pages

Lecture 1

Lecture 1

26 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

10 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

10 pages

Test 1

Test 1

6 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

26 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

25 pages

Test 2

Test 2

10 pages

Ecology

Ecology

19 pages

Phylum

Phylum

41 pages

LECTURE

LECTURE

11 pages

Lecture 1

Lecture 1

31 pages

Test 1

Test 1

8 pages

Ecology

Ecology

31 pages

Test 1

Test 1

6 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

34 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

6 pages

Notes

Notes

5 pages

Exam

Exam

39 pages

CNIDARIAN

CNIDARIAN

12 pages

Ecology

Ecology

15 pages

EXAM 3

EXAM 3

28 pages

Notes

Notes

4 pages

Mollusca

Mollusca

40 pages

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