BIO Study guide ICHAPTER 11) Be able to explain how development, genetics, evolution, and ecology relate to the diversity of life (structures, individuals, species etc)a. These things relate to the diversity of life because every organism is surrounded by and adapted to a different environment and habitat, so they`re naturally going to be different from each other and therefore contribute to diversity due to this.b. Also, genetics contributes to the diversity of life because organisms may have the same gene, but it is expressed differently, resulting in different organisms with different anatomies.2) Be able to describe some of the fundamental properties of life [IN THE TEXT]a. Hierarchal levels of organization (largest->smallest)i. Biosphere – consists of all life on earth and all the places where life exists (ie – includes most areas of land, water, and atmosphere) 1. AKA - all of the ecosystems combinedii. Ecosystems – consists of all the living and nonliving things in a particular area1. AKA – all of the communities put togetheriii. Communities – groups of species together; the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem; a set of populations that inhabit a certain area (ie - a mix of a bunch of different populations; mushrooms, trees, deer all together in the same ecosystem for example)iv. Populations – all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area; a bunch of the same organisms living together (ie - a bunchof trees, a bunch of mushrooms etc)v. Organisms – individual living things (squirrels, deer, trees, mushrooms etc)vi. Organs and organ systems1. Organ – a body part that carries out a particular role in the body; they consist of multiple tissues (ie - the human heart, the human hand, a deer foot, a leaf from a tree etc).2. Organ systems – a team of organs working together in a larger functionvii. Tissues – a group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function; consists of bundles of cellsviii. Cells – life`s fundamental unit of structure and function (some organisms are single celled and some are multicellular)1. Multicellular organisms have divisions of labor among specialized cells residing in the different specialized tissuesix. Organelles – the various functional components present in cells [ie – the chloroplast of the cell]x. Molecules – a chemical structure consisting of two or more small chemical units called atoms [ie - chlorophyll]b. Interaction with environmenti. In an ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its environment, including both other organisms and physical factors1. Ie – the leaves of a tree absorb sunlight from the sun, take in carbon dioxide from the air, and release oxygen to the air. ii. The interactions btwn all organisms with their environment contribute to the distribution of nutrients throughout ecosystems.1. Energy from the sun makes life possible: the use of energy by living organisms to carry out life`s processes is a fundamental characteristic that they all share. c. Structure and functioni. Life`s structure fits with its function: 1. Ie – a leaf`s thin, flat shape maximizes the amount of sunlight that can be captured by its chloroplasts. ii. Looking at the structure of something gives us clues about its function andvice versa.d. Cellsi. The cell is an organism`s basic unit of structure and function:1. Every organisms` action stems from the work of cellsii. All cells share certain characteristics:1. They all have a membrane around them that regulates the passage of materials btwn the cell and its surroundings; every cell uses DNA to distinguish btwn two main forms of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryoticiii. Two main types of cells:1. Prokaryotic:a. Bacteria and archaeab. Generally smaller than eukaryotic cellsc. DNA is not separated from rest of cell; lacks the membrane-bound organelles of a eukaryotic cell2. Eukaryotic: a. All other life forms other than bacteria and archaeab. Subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles (largest organelle: nucleus; other organelles are located throughout the cytoplasm)e. Inheritance and DNA feedback mechanismsi. INHERITANCE:1. Cell division (mitosis) is the foundation for all reproduction, growth, and repair for multicellular organisms2. Chromosomes contain DNA (the cell`s genetic material), which make up genes (the units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring)a. Genes->DNA->chromosomes3. Genes contain info used to build other molecules in the cell (especially proteins)a. Proteins -responsible for carrying out cellular work and establish a cell`s identity4. DNA controls the development and maintenance of the entire organisma. Structure : double helix, containing four nucleotides [chemical building blocks]=A,T,G,Ci. Specific sequential arrangements of these four letters make up the info stored in genes.5. DNA provides the layout for making proteins, and proteins are the main players in building and maintaining the cell and its activitiesa. DNA->proteins->cell6. The DNA of genes controls protein production indirectly by using RNAa. A nucleotide sequence in a gene is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into specific proteins with a uniqueshape and function = GENE EXPRESSIONi. Nucleotide sequence->DNA transcription->RNA->DNA translation->specific proteinsii. FEEDBACK INHIBITIONS:1. Regulation of biological processes is crucial to the operation of living systemsa. When more energy is required , the chemical pathway that produces the energy needed speeds up in response to this need.b. When less energy is required , a set of chemical reactions convert surplus energy to molecules.2. Enzymes (type of protein) catalyze specific chemical reactionsa. Enzymes->chemical reactions->chemical pathways3. the cell can regulate the demand for fuel via self regulation=FEEDBACKa. Negative feedback- accumulation (excess) of an end productof a process slows that process.i. When too much of an end product is being made, it can go back and inhibit (turn off) an enzyme in its chemical pathway in order to slow down its own productionb. Positive feedback- when an end product speeds up its own production in need for more of iti. Ie – blood clotting in response to injury [when there`s a high demand for platelets, their productionis sped up so that blood clotting can take place in order to heal a wound]f. Evolutioni. Evolution – the idea that
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