UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURESCHAPTER 52:Photic – the upper (shallow) part of the ocean`s surface where sunlight can penetrate it easilyAphotic – the lower (deep) part of the ocean where sunlight doesn`t penetrate at all (very dark)Benthic zone – the region at the lowest level of a body of water (like an ocean or lake) including the sediment surface (things living on the ocean floor)Benthos – the organisms that live within benthic zonesPelagic zone –open water that`s neither near the shore nor towards the bottom of the body of water (things floating on the water)CHAPTER 53:Clunked species distribution (above pic) – individuals clustered all together in several clusters all spread outUNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURESit could be that a population showing a clunked distribution is only growing in certain areas, therefore leaving open spaces in the spacingOver disbursed/even distribution (above pic) – when the amount of space between the individuals of a population is evenly distributed->A reason for this could be territorial/defense among the organisms when caring for their young (i.e. – the penguin example in the pic; the young are at risk of being eaten by another adult penguin and so the parents have to sit on their eggs and be evenly distributed in order to keep others from eating their young)Random distribution – individuals are distributed randomly amongst themselvesI.e. – a population of flowers; they have a random distribution since their pollen could land anywhereUNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURESSURVIVORSHIP CURVE (above pic): the rate at which organisms die within their populationY axis – #individuals left alive; X axis – time that has passed (in years old)There`s three types of survivorship curves (pic below):1) Type 1 curve (the human)– individuals put a lot of effort into raising only a few offspring (a lot ofcare for only a few)2) Type 2 curve (the squirrel) – a population that is never safe from predators and a lot of them (as a result) die off); a population with a relatively consistent death rate throughout life3) Type 3 curve (the oyster) – individuals within a population that have a lot of offspring and have abig death rate very early on in their life; the ones that do survive live a very long timea. I.e. – oak trees that give off acorns; most of the acorns will get crushed or eaten by squirrels, but the ones that do survive live a long time<-> Survivorship CurveX axis – time in years old of an organism; Y axis - #individuals alive<->logistic growth rateK – carrying capacity/# individuals that the environment can supportDensity dependence – something that increases/decreases depending on the population sizeI.e. = the lynx + hare (chart on next page)UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURESRed – hare; blue – lynxX axis – time; Y axis - #individuals in populationEXPONENTIAL GROWTH (BELOW):<->EXPONENTIAL GROWTH GRAPHX axis – time in 1000 year incrementsY axis – population size (in billions)UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES<->GRAPH SHOWING HOW THE HUMAN POPULATION HAS SHIFTEDX axis – time Y axis – measurement of how the population is growing-It seems to have decreased (due to the lower amount of children being born nowadays)DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION:<->SHOWS BIRTH AND DEATH RATESLight blue and light orange lines = the birth ratesDark blue and dark red lines = the death rates-During the 19th-20th centuries, people are dying more slowly due to modern medical advances (which led to the lower death rate) and they`re having more children to help with labor (which led to the high birth rate)UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURESAGE STRUCTURE (BELOW) = helps to show the consequences of demographic transitionsFar left – Asia; had a large # of young people despite the “one-child” policy that was passedPrediction: that employment and education opportunities will continue to be a significant problem; the large # of young people coming into the population could also be a source of continuing social and political unrest; Middle – United States; pretty stable despite the “baby boom” that occurredFar right – Italy; not too many people younger than reproductive age are present; their population is predicted to decreaseIn Italy and US – prediction: that a decreasing portion of the younger working-age people will have to support an increasing number of retired “boomers”; in the US, this has made Medicare and Social Security a major political issueCHAPTER 54:Ways to measure a community:1) Diversity - incorporates both number of species which is called Species Richness and the relativeabundance of species (pic below)Which Community of trees is the most diverse? (next page)UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURESCorrect answer: Population 1 (the far left picture) because there`s more variety and each speciesof tree seems to be represented fairly equally2) Species interactions – (can help classify communities); has four main types:a. Competition (pic below with the lizards) – because of competitive exclusion, no two species in the same place can have the same niche (and so they subdivide and live in different parts of their niche)i. Competitive exclusion – if animals are eating the same thing, then they`re reducing each other`s K (capacity) and one of them will be more fit and better off for survival than the other one and will ultimately lead to wiping the less fit one out of the population (both of them can`t coexist since one species will always be better off than the other one)- DOES COMPETITION INFLUENCE THE DISTRIBUTION OF BARNACLES? o YES, There`s the fundamental niche and realized niche Fundamental niche – places where a species can occur and live Realized niche – where the species actually ends up living and is smaller than its fundamental niche due to competition with the other speciesUNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES<->these barnacles are living together in their fundamental niche, but are separated into their realized nichesb. Predation - when one species feeds on another species<->Example of predation (first thing we would think of)But there`s other kinds of predation:<->Herbivory is another type of predationUNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES<->Parasitoids <->Parasitesc. Mutualism – when both species benefit from the interaction (next page) <->MutualismUNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURESd. Commensalism – when one species benefits/gains, and the other one isn’t even
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