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FSU BSC 2011 - Echinodermata

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Phylum Bryozoa “moss animals”Bryozoa CharacteristicsBryozoa CharacteristicsBryozoa CharacteristicsBryozoa CharacteristicsBryozoa CharacteristicsBryozoa CharacteristicsBryozoa CharacteristicsBryozoa CharacteristicsBryozoa CharacteristicsPhylum Echinodermata “spiny skinned” animalsEchinodermata CharacteristicsDeuterostome Mouth FormationDeuterostome: Radial CleavageDeuterostome: Regulative DevelopmentDeuterostome: EnterocoelyEchinodermata CharacteristicsPhylum EchinodermataEchinoderm RadiationClass Asteroideathe “sea stars”Class Echinoidea the“sea urchins”, “sand dollars”, “heart urchins”, “sea biscuits”…Class EchinoideaClass EchinoideaClass EchinoideaClass Ophiuroidea“brittle stars” and “basket stars”Class OphiuroideaClass OphiuroideaClass OphiuroideaClass Holothuroideathe “sea cucumbers”Class HolothuroideaClass HolothuroideaClass HolothuroideaClass Crinoideathe “sea lilies” and “feather stars”Class CrinoideaClass CrinoideaRegenerationRegenerationRegenerationPhylum Bryozoa“moss animals”Bryozoa Characteristics•Approximately 4000 pecies of Bryozoans•All are aquatic (marine or freshwater)Body PlananuslophophoremouthesophagusstomachBryozoa CharacteristicsGas Exchange•lophophoreCirculatory System• no organs, coelomic fluidExcretion• no organs, simple diffusionNervous system• nerve ring surrounding pharynx and nerves in tentacles (no sensory organs)Bryozoa CharacteristicsSkeletal system• most have a cuticle composed of chitin or calcium carbonate (zoecium) zoeciumBryozoa CharacteristicsDigestive System• lophophore: a contractile ring of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth• complete digestive system• U-shaped with anus outside lophophore (ectoproct)lophophoremouthanusBryozoa CharacteristicsReproduction• most are monoecious• most species brood their eggs externally or within special cavities in their bodies• freshwater species are capable of asexual reproduction using statoblasts (similar to gemmules)statoblastsBryozoa CharacteristicsColonial• bryozoans are sessile and live in colonies (zoarium)• colonies can be encrusting (thin sheets) or stoloniferous (plant-like)encrusting bryozoan stoloniferous bryozoanBryozoa Characteristicsstoloniferous Bryozoan HydrozoanSuperficially, stoloniferous Bryozoans resemble colonial HydrozoansMajor differences include: the structure of the digestive system, the zoecium, the number of tissue layers…Bryozoa CharacteristicsColonial• all zooids within a colony (zoarium) are connected by pores in each individuals zoeciumlophophoreoperculum muscleretractor muscleporeBryozoa CharacteristicsColonialsome Bryozoans are polymorphic and contain defensive zooids called aviculariaUsed in defense and anti-foulingAnnelidaMolluscaArthropodaEchinodermataChordataPlatyhelminthesNematodaacoelomatepseudocoelomateseucoelomatesRotiferadeuterostomesBryozoaTraditionally Bryozoans were considered to be primitive deuterostomesbased on aspects of their developmentAnnelidaMolluscaArthropodaEchinodermataPlatyhelminthesNematodaacoelomatepseudocoelomateseucoelomatesChordataRotiferadeuterostomesBryozoaMore recently they have been placed with theprotostomes based on molecular sequence data protostomesPhylum Echinodermata“spiny skinned”animalsEchinodermataCharacteristics•Approximately 6000 species of Echinoderms•All are marine and are benthic as adultsAnnelidaMolluscaArthropodaEchinodermataChordataPlatyhelminthesNematodaacoelomatepseudocoelomateseucoelomatesRotiferadeuterostomesDeuterostome Mouth Formationblastoporearchenteron(primitive gut)Future mouthanusBlastopore becomes the anus and the mouth forms secondarilyDeuterostome: Radial Cleavage2 cells 4 cells 8 cellsBlastomeres divide in a symmetrical fashion, producing layers of cells directly on top of one anotherDeuterostome: Regulative DevelopmentOne blastomere is removedDevelopment continuesDevelopment continues4-cell stageÆ each blastomere is capable of regulating its development even when separated from the othersDeuterostome: Enterocoelyblastocoelearly mesodermal pouchseparation of pouches from gutdeveloping coelomectoderm endoderm mesodermEchinodermata Characteristics1. Water Vascular SystemA system of coelomic canals that functions in: circulation, gas exchange, excretion, and locomotion. ring canalradial canalmadreporitestone canaltube feetEchinodermata CharacteristicsWater Vascular SystempodiumampullaThe structure of the tube footTube feetEchinodermata Characteristics2. Dermal Endoskeleton• All echinoderms have a dermal endoskeleton that is composed of calcareous ossicles and is covered by epidermis.• The endoskeleton allows continuous growth and provides protection. Fused to form a test(e.g. sea urchins)Articulating plates(e.g. starfish)Echinodermata CharacteristicsDermal Endoskeleton• In many echinoderms the skeleton bears spines or bumps that are used for defense.Sea urchin Spines on crown of thorns starfishEchinodermata CharacteristicsDermal Endoskeleton•The epidermis covering the endoskeleton contains many specialized structures:Dermal branchiae(respiration): an extension of the coelomic cavityPedicellaria(anti-fouling)3. Mutable connective tissue: echinoderms can rapidly and reversibly change the stiffness of their connective tissueEchinodermata Characteristics4. Secondary radial or biradial symmetryEchinodermata Characteristics• this bilaterally symmetrical larval form undergoes metamorphosis into an adult with radial pentameroussymmetry (with 5 or more radiating areas)bilateral larval stageradial pentamerous adultFeeding and digestionGrazersPredatorsMost species have a complete digestive system.Nervous system•circumoral nerve ring•radial nerves•no sense organs in most species (except eyespots)•no cephalizaion (no head)Radial nervescircumoral nerve ringmouthNervous systemanuscircumoral nerve ringradial nervesEchinodermata CharacteristicsReproduction• usually dioecious • usually external fertilization (eggs and sperm are shed into the water where fertilization occurs; broadcast spawning)• indirect development with the presence of a free-swimming, bilateral larval stage (some have direct development)bilateral larval stagespawning sea urchinsPhylum EchinodermataClass AsteroideaClass EchinoideaClass OphiuroideaClass HolothuroideaClass CrinoideaEchinoderm RadiationCrinoidea• on a stalk• feathery armsHolothuroidea• secondarily bilateralOphiuroidea• no ambulacral region• no


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FSU BSC 2011 - Echinodermata

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Test 2

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LECTURE

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