All study guides combinded UNIT I STUDY GUIDE 1 a For eukaryotes what is the function of i replication and where does it occur ii transcription and where does it occur and iii translation and where does it occur Replication is the process of copying DNA and it occurs in the Nucleus Transcription is the process of taking the copied DNA and making mRNA It occurs in the nucleus Translation is the process of taking the mRNA and decoding it into an amino acid Each mRNA strand consists of a codon that is 3 base pairs that codes for an amino acid b What is a gene A gene is a strand of genetic material that codes for specific proteins c what is a chromosome A chromosome is compacted genetic material in the nucleus d i What is meant by the genetic code The genetic code is a sequence of bases that code for your genetic material ii distinguish between codons and anticodons Codons are what is being translated during gene expression The code for specific protiens Anticodons are the opposite base pairs that correlate with the codons e g A T G U e i What is a mutation A mutation is a change in either a part of a chromosome or on a smaller level a change in the genetic code ii what are the different types of genetic mutations Silent Mutations Inserting a different base but results in the same base amino acid because of redundancy third base wobble Missense Inserting a different base for 1 of the 3 bases for a codon and results in a different amino acid Nonsense Inserting a base but not deleting the original one resulting in a frame shift The results are very bad iii why are mutations important to cells organisms Mutations are important in a good and bad way The good way is that mutations are the reason for genetic diversity and evolution The bad way is that mutations can cause a certain protein to not be expressed that causes multiple errors Some mutations result in a ripple effect because of al the interconnections between proteins if one protein relies on the messed up protein etc f What is chromatin Distinguish between euchromatin and heterochromatin with respect to structure and function Chromatin is the compacted genetic code Heterochromatin is tightly compacted not allowing for gene expression to occur Euchromatin is loosely compacted which allows gene expression to occur 2 a What is meant by gene expression Gene expression is when the codons code for amino acid sequences It is the expressed genes through proteins b What is meant by gene regulation Gene regulation is in charge of turning genes on and off c Why is gene regulation important necessary to cells organisms The genetic code is the same in every single cell in the body Gene regulation allows for only certain genes to be translated and coded at certain times when necessary 3 List the different classes of proteins describe their function in a cell organism and provide an example of each Support keratin Structure Enzymes salivary amylase Motor Proteins Hormones 4 a Broadly and in general terms how and why do cells communicate Cells communicate to relay signals b List and describe the three stages of cell signaling 5 a i Define genomic equivalence Every cell in the body has the same exact genetic code ii all the somatic cells in an organism say the human body are genomically equivalent why What makes them different Every cell whether it is a muscle cell or brain cell has the same genes What makes them different is each cell expresses different types of proteins Regulating gene expression differentiation allows for different types of cells b What is meant by cell potency The ability for an undifferentiated cell to potentially make a new organism A stem cell is a cell that can be potentially duplicated to become an organism ii what is a stem cell iii distinguish between and give an example of multipotent Adult stem cells less potential to become something else If extracted a cell from a bone marrow cell the new cell can only potientally be a blood cell and it could never be a muscle cell due to cell differentiation pluripotent Pluripotent is from an older embryonic cell and can be made into any cell Total complete potential to become a new organism cell due to the from an extracted cell and totipotent cells undifferentiated embryonic cell iv distinguish between embryonic and adult stem cells Embryonic cells are cells that are undifferentiated and are more likely to replicate v why are stem cells of great research interest vi why has stem cell research been controversial vii what is an induced pluripotent stem cell iPS and why is this a significant breakthrough c i Define cloning ii describe the steps involved in reproductive cloning iii why is successful iv what reproductive cloning difficult i e why are attempts frequently not is the difference between reproductive vs therapeutic cloning 6 a Compare and contrast somatic vs germs cells aka sex cells or gametes with respect to i location in an organism Somatic cells are body cells They are located all over the body Germ cells are located in the testes or ovaries ii function Somatic To produce every day life functions Germ cells reproduction iii method by which they arise or are formed Somatic cells are formed through cellular division Germ cells are formed through division in the sex organs and iv chromosome number Somatic 46 chromosomes Germ Cells 23 b What is a zygote The fertilization and union between a sperm and an egg 7 Define a determination b induction c differentiation Determination is the deciding factor of which gene is turned on and when Differentiation is the factor that allows cells to be different but still have the Induction is the cell to cell communication through synapses same genetic code 8 What are maternal cytoplasmic determinants and what role so they play in embryonic development They are the factors before cell regulation they aid in regulation 9 List the various molecular processes and also cellular processes that play a role in development and identify the role that each plays 1 Haploid sperm and egg 2 Fertilization 3 Diploid zygote 4 Cleavage of zygote mitotic cell division 5 Blastula 6 Gastrulation and morphogenesis occurs mitotic cell division and cell differentiation and cell movement 7 Gastrula 8 Organogenesis mitotic cell division and cell differentiation cell movement 9 Embryo 10 a Without regard to any specific species list and describe the 4 general stages of embryonic development beginning with fertilization the 1st stage emphasizing the purpose
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