FSU BSC 2011 - Lecture 11 Mendelian Genetics

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1 Lecture 11 Mendelian Genetics Reading Chapter 14 1 Concepts Be able to explain the importance of inheritance to biology and evolution in particular In biology inheritance is very important as it can predict the genotypes of future offspring This is important when considering reproducing and for diagnosing individuals in reference to family history Evolutionarily inheritance is very important as we can track the inheritance patterns to learn which traits are favored and which traits eventually die out throughout evolution Be able to explain how Mendel did his experiments Mendel chose to study only purple or white flowers he strictly controlled there mating to achieve cross pollination removed the part of the plant that creates pollen and dusted the pollen from another plant onto the altered flowers pea plants self pollenate in nature This resulted in a zygote that then developed into a plant embryo encased in a seed pea Mendel made sure his parent plants were true breeding self pollenating purple flowers that offspring all had purple flowers Be able to distinguish between Mendelian inheritance and blending inheritance Blending hypothesis is that parents pass on discrete heritable units that retain there separate identities in the offspring Blending inheritance example would be F1 hybrids from a cross between a purple flowered and white flowered pea plants would have pale purple flowers Medelian inheritance states the purple flower is the dominant trait and when crossed with the white flowers the F1 generation is 75 purple and 25 white Be able to explain the significance of the Law of Segregation The two alleles for a heritable character segregate separate from each other during gamete formation and end up in different gametes An egg or sperm only gets ONE of the two alleles present in the cells of the organism making a gamete 2 Terms Gene allele locus heterozygote homozygote genotype phenotype dominant Recessive F1 F2 monohybrid Gene A discrete unit of heritable information consisting of specific nucleotide sequences in DNA Allele Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic variations Locus A specific place along the length of the chromosome where a given gene is located Homozygous An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character Heterozygous An organism that has two different alleles for a gene Genotype genetic makeup Phenotype Appearance or observable traits also refers to physiological traits Dominant Allele Determines the organisms appearance Recessive Allele Has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance F1 the offspring of the P generation the parental generation that experience true breeding F2 the generation produced when the F1 generation reproduces Monohybrid heterozygous for the one particular character being followed in the cross Lecture 12 Reading Chapter 13 1 13 2 Be able to distinguish between the genetic consequences of sexual and asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction only a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes Asexual organisms can reproduce asexually by mitotic cell division by which the DNA is copied equally into two daughter cells Asexual reproduction the genomes of the offspring are exact copes of the parents genome clone 3 Sexual reproduction two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents In contrast to a clone offspring of sexual reproduction vary genetically from their siblings and both parents o Genetic variation is an important consequence of sexual reproduction Be able to distinguish the cellular processes behind asexual mitosis and sexual meiosis reproduction Meiosis gamete formation Reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from two to one in the gametes Counterbalances the doubling that occurs at fertilization Results in the haploid egg and sperm Fertilization restores the diploid by combining the two haploids In animals meiosis only occurs in germ cells ovaries or testes Asexual reproduction a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes Can reproduce asexually by mitotic division Know that chromosomes exist as homologous pairs in diploids Be able to explain why meiosis produces haploid daughter cells from diploid parents Zygotes is a diploid because it contains two haploid sets of chromosomes bearing genes representing the maternal and paternal family lines Both chromosome sets in the zygote and all the genes they carry are passed with precision to the somatic cells Gamete formation involves meiosis it reduces the number of chromosomes from two to one in the gametes counterbalancing the doubling that occurs at fertilization Know that sexual life cycles alternate meiosis and fertilization Be able to explain how sexual life cycles vary in the timing of meiosis and fertilization In humans and most other animals gametes are the only haploid cells meiosis occurs in germ cells during the production of gametes which undergo no further cell division prior to fertilization 4 Plants and other algae have a second type of life cycle called alternation of generations both diploid and haploid stages are multicellular The multicellular diploid stage is called sporophyte Meiosis in sporophyte produces haploid cells called spores Haploid spore divide mitotically generating a multicellular haploid stage called gametophyte Cells of gametophyte give arise to gametes by mitosis Fusion of two haploid gametes at fertilization results in a diploid zygote which develops into the next sporophyte generation Fungi and protists after gametes fuse and form a diploid zygote meiosis occurs without a multicellular diploid offspring developing Meiosis produces not gametes but haploid cells that then divide by mitosis and give arise to either unicellular descendants or haploid multicellular adult or organism Only diploid stage found in these species is a single celled zygote Terms to Know Haploid diploid homolgous chromosome homologous pair sister chromatid gamete zygote meiosis fertilization gonad Sexual reproduction asexual reproduction clone spore gametophyte sporophyte Haploid Gametes that contain a single set of chromosomes can not go through meiosis because they have a single set of chromosomes that cannot be reduced Diploid any cell with two chromosomes sets can undergo meiosis Homologous


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FSU BSC 2011 - Lecture 11 Mendelian Genetics

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