Biology II: Unit 3 test reviewLecture 19: Evolution Intro (Section 22.2)Understand the difference between natural selection and evolution- Natural selection is essentially the process in which species with characteristics bettersuited for a certain environment will survive and reproduce at high rates, while those who do not contain such inherited characteristics will not be a successful.- Evolution rather is the descent with modification, in which there are narrow changes in genetic composition of a population over generations.Understand the basic principle of natural selection- A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates that others due to those traits.Be able to distinguish between evolutionary change and other kinds of changes-Catastrophism- thought that events in the past had sudden occurrences and caused by different mechanisms operating today. Cuvier’s observations hypothesized such, and believed periodic catastrophes like floods, destroyed many living species in localized areas, and then werepopulated by different species migrating from other areas. -Uniformitarianism- Charles Lyell’s principle stating that the same geological processes of the past are still operating today at the same rate. Understand that evolution produces:allele frequency changes: doesn’t refer to the physical appearance change of the allele in the gene pool, but rather how often a certain allele is seen in the gene pool and how that frequency changes over time. For example, if we see a 20% occurrence of a certain allele in a population, and then 30 years later we see 9%, evolution has occurred.inherited phenotypic changes: Lamarck believed that organisms have an innate drive to become more complex, and that over generations species modify their phenotypes to survive better in their environment if successful. differences among populations: Differences in populations often occur based off inbreeding or the lack thereof. Individuals that take part in inbreeding, especially when the population is low, result in mutations often having sterile or infertile effects on reproduction. This can cause some species in a population to become more fit, evolve or survive, while others die off due to negative mutations.new phenotypes: new phenotypes come about based on genetic changes based on environmental fitness and mutations.new species: As populations die, mutate or migrate, their genetic allele frequencies begin to change so much they are seen as other species. This is seen through adaptations to new environments and natural selection for species to perform better in that such environment.Lecture 20: Introduction to EvolutionChapter 22 (whole thing)Know that Darwin came up with his ideas after voyage on the Beagle - Galapagos animals were influential:-noted how characteristics seen on many species made them suitable for such environmental conditions. Fossils found of clearly different species, but had similar characteristics of other South American species. After Earthquake in Chile, saw remnants of oceanic creatures at high levels of the Andes. Galapagos organisms colonized by straying from South America, giving rise to new species even different on each Island.Know that Wallace - independently came up with same idea:-Alfred Wallace had a very similar theory of Natural selection compared to Darwin’s based on his work in the South Pacific Malay Archipelago. Though Wallace thought up the idea of Natural selection first, Darwin had developed the idea of Natural Selection so extensively that he thought Darwin deserved credit as the main “architect” of the hypothesis. Understand the five ideas in Darwin’s theory:1) Evolution has happened:2) All life has a common ancestor:3) The diversity of life is the result of a series of splits in the lineage (fam. tree) of living things:4) Natural selection is the primary mechanism driving evolutionary change:5) Evolution occurs gradually over time:Understand that exposure to the diversity of life around the world was an important influence:Understand the basic process of natural selection:- Individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive as well as reproduce at a higher rate due to those inherited traits.Understand that evolution can be depicted as a branching tree:- On the diagram of a tree relating to evolution, the tips of the tree represent the diversity all organisms on earth have today. The branches depict the closest common ancestor between organisms.Terms: evolution: descent with modification. It was Darwin’s theory that all organisms have common ancestry different from present-day species and, that even humans were a different race a long time ago. natural selection: a process in which individuals that have certain inherited species survive and reproduce at higher rates than other species due to those inherited traits.fitness: a contribution an individual makes to the gene pool to help out following generation relative to the contributions of others. Essentially, like moths of a certain color may blend in better and result in reproducing better. Or that a barnacle may be better and catching food, so they will reproduce and be more fit than its neighboring barnacles. adaptation: inherited characteristics of an organism that enhances survival and reproduction in a certain environment.phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.Lecture 21 - Evidence for Evolution and Modern Evolutionary BiologyReadings - 22.2, 22.3ConceptsKnow the different types of evidence for evolution and understandtheir significance: Life on Islands: organisms that migrate to different islands, even those close by, can evolve because of possible different foods or environmental changes compared to their original habitat. Overtime, same species become separate species due to different gene formations based on evolutionary changes.Fossil Record: remains or traces of organisms that used to live in the past. Based on the location or depth of the fossil found, you can estimate what time period that organism lived it, and can relate features to organisms alive today to compare lineage. Observation of Natural Selection: inherited traits aiding certain species over others in certain environments. Like the various sized beaks of Galapagos finches due to different seeds seen on different islands, or certain moth color blending in having that species survive better than moths
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