Animal Diversity BSC 2011LMajor Divisions of LifeSlide 3Slide 4Diversity of Animal LifeWhat is an animal?How are these animals grouped?Level of OrganizationGeneral Body PlanTypes of SymmetryComparative BiochemistryDevelopmental PatternsTaxonomic HierarchyPhylum PoriferaSlide 15External MorphologySlide 173 Body TypesAsconoid Body TypeSlide 20Syconoid Body TypeSlide 22Leuconoid Body TypeSlide 24Microscopic MorphologySkeletal ElementsSlide 27Cell TypesSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31PhysiologySlide 33Slide 34EcologySlide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Current Sponge ResearchAnimal DiversityBSC 2011LMajor Divisions of LifeBacteria Archaea Microsporidia Flagellata Animalia Fungi Ciliata PlantaeEukaryotes ** membrane bound nucleusMajor Divisions of LifeBacteria Archaea Microsporidia Flagellata Animalia Fungi Ciliata PlantaeMulticellularMajor Divisions of LifeAnimalia Fungi PlantaeThese multicellular groups were divided based on feeding mode & fundamental organizational differences.•heterotrophic(ingest and digest food)•no cell walls•heterotrophic(absorb food)•cell walls made of chitin•autotrophic(photosynthesis)•cell walls made of celluloseDiversity of Animal LifeWhat is an animal?• multicellular (Branch Metazoa) • eukaryote• heterotrophic• blastula stage• generally motileHow are these animals grouped?Complexity– level of organizationMorphology– general body plan– symmetry– comparative biochemistryDevelopment– type of developmental patternsLevel of OrganizationCellTissueOrgan• no tissues, no organs• individual cells accomplish physiological functions• cells are organized into tissues and work together to accomplish physiological functions• tissues are organized into organs that accomplish physiological functionsGeneral Body Planpresence of different body structures • does it have a head?• does it have a backbone?• does it have tentacles? etc…solutions to different body functions • how do they move?• how do they feed?• how do they reproduce? etc…Types of Symmetry Asymmetrical BilaterialRadial• the arrangement of body structures relative to some axis of the bodyComparative Biochemistry• comparing DNA and amino acid sequences among animalsDevelopmental Patterns• type of cell cleavage • type of embryo development• presence, type, and formation of a body cavity• etc…sea urchinTaxonomic Hierarchy example - HumansKingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens* the plural of Phylum = Phyla *Linnaen system of binomial nomenclaturePhylum Poriferathe spongesPhylum PoriferaBranch Parazoa – “beside + animal”Sponges are at the cellular level of organization and have no tissues or organs. Sponges are assemblages of cells embedded in a protein matrix and supported by a skeleton of needle-like structures.External MorphologyGeneral Body Planwaterostia (singular=ostium)spongocoelosculum(plural=oscula)3 Body Types•Asconoid•Syconoid•LeuconoidIncreasing size Increasing SA:VBased on the complexity of the water canals:Asconoid Body Typeostium spongocoelosculum* spongocoel is lined with choanocytes *Asconoid Body Typeostium spongocoelosculumwaterSyconoid Body Typeostiumradial canal apopyleprosopyleincurrent canalspongocoelosculum* radial canals are lined with choanocytes *Syconoid Body Typeostiumradial canal apopyleprosopyleincurrent canalspongocoelosculumwaterLeuconoid Body Typeflagellated chambersosculumprosopyleostiumapopylespongocoelincurrent canal* flagellated chambers are lined with choanocytes *Leuconoid Body Typeflagellated chambersosculumprosopyleostiumapopylespongocoelincurrent canalwaterMicroscopic Morphologychoanocyteporocytearchaeocyte(amoebocyte)pinacocytemesohylspiculesSkeletal ElementsMesohyl• proteinaceous matrix that contains skeletal material and certain cell types• equivalent to the connective tissue in other organisms• made of collagen and sponginSkeletal ElementsSpicules• made of calcium carbonate or silica• often used in taxonomic identificationCell TypesChoanocytes• collar cells• diagnostic of phylum Porifera• consist of a long flagellum surrounded by a “collar” of microvilli • functions:-obtaining food-creating water currents-reproductionCell TypesArchaeocytes• also called “amoebocytes”• found throughout mesohyl• totipotent can differentiate into any other type of cell• functions:- digestion through phagocytosis- make spicules- reproductionCell TypesPinacocytes• line the exterior surface of the sponge• functions:- some can regulate water flow by moving (open/close ostia)inside of spongeoutside of spongeCell TypesPorocytes• found in asconoid sponges• form tubes in the body wall where water can pass through• functions:- allow water flowinside of spongeoutside of spongePhysiologyFeeding–Sessile filter-feedersDigestion–IntracellularGas exchange–Simple diffusionExcretion (nitrogenous waste removal)–Simple diffusionPhysiologyReproductionAsexual•fragmentation•budding•regeneration•gemmules - in freshwater sponges only - resistant mass of archaeocytes that are produced in unfavorable conditions - when the environment is nice again, they will develop into sponges PhysiologyReproductionSexual•usually monoecious(a single individual can produce both male and female gametes; both sexes are within one individual)•sperm are released into the water and eggs are retained within the sponge•motile larvae are produced (some swim, some crawl), metamorphose, and become juvenile sponges Ecology•most sponges are marine (~5000 species) but there are ~150 freshwater sponge species•Sponges are found at all depths but certain species are restricted to particular depths due to how their spicules are formed •There are few sponge predators because they usually contain distasteful toxins•Some predators (e.g. sea slugs) sequester these sponge toxins which in turn deters their own predatorsEcologySymbiosis –the living together of 2 different species in an intimate relationshipTypes of symbiotic relationships:–Mutualism= both partners benefit–Commensalism=
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