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FSU BSC 2011 - Lecture Notes Acoelomate

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How does Cnidaria fit in?How do the Acoelomates fit in?The AcoelomatesAcoelomate CharacteristicsSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhysiologySlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Class TurbellariaSlide 17Slide 18ClassTurbellariaSlide 20Adaptations for ParasitismClass TrematodaTrematoda Life CycleClass CestodaSlide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Cestoda Life CycleEcologyPhylum NemerteaSlide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41How do the acoelomates fit in?How does Cnidaria fit in?Poriferaunknown common ancestoreukaryotemulticellularheterotrophicBlastula stagecellular level of organizationchoanocytes3 body types Cnidariatissue level of organizationdiploblastic3 classes:Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa 2 body types: polyp, medusaHow do the Acoelomates fit in?Poriferaunknown common ancestorCnidariaPlatyhelminthes Nemerteathe acoelomatesThe AcoelomatesAcoelomate CharacteristicsOrgan level of organizationTissues are organized to for organs which are used to accomplish physiological functionsAcoelomate Characteristics3 Embryonic Germ Layersendodermmesodermectoderm3 Tissue LayersgastrodermismesodermepidermisTriploblasticAcoelomate CharacteristicsNo body cavityGutectodermmesodermendodermectodermmesodermendodermAcoelomate CharacteristicsEctodermEndodermMesoderm (mesenchyme, parenchyma)GutTriploblasticAcoelomate CharacteristicsAnterior: toward the front of the bodyPosterior: toward the rear of the bodyBilateral SymmetryAcoelomate CharacteristicsCephalizationEye spotsAuriclesthe concentration of sensory organs in the head of the animalPhylum Platyhelminthesthe flatwormsPhysiologyFeeding–Free-living, carnivorous –parasiticDigestion–intestine is simple or branched–incomplete system (no anus)–digestive system reduced or absent in parasitic speciesPhysiologyOsmoregulation and excretion –Protonephridia and flame cells–much excretion is via diffusionprotonephridia flame cellPhysiologyNervous system-ladder-like-cephalization-nervous system is reduced in parasitic speciesLateral nerve cordsCerebral gangliaSkeletal and circulatory systems–absentPhysiologyReproductionAsexualSexual–usually monoecious, but most must cross fertilize–Internal fertilization (usually reciprocal)Phylum PlatyhelminthesClass TurbellariaClass TrematodaClass CestodaClass TurbellariaFree-living flatworms• move on slime trails using ciliaClass Turbellaria• predatory• use a pharynx to capture preypharynxClass Turbellaria• have a branched (or lobed) gutClassTurbellariaReproductionAsexual–FissionClassTurbellariaReproductionSexual–internal fertilization–simple life cycleAdaptations for Parasitism• increased reproductive potential• monoecious• presence of adhesion organs (suckers, hooks)• poorly developed sensory systems• reduced, or absent, digestive system• resistant cuticle• complex life cycles with more than 1 hostClass TrematodaParasitic Flukes• endoparasiticTrematoda Life Cycle• have at least two hosts in their life cycle• final host = vertebrateadult fluke (in host liver)Vertebrate host #1infective stage in host muscleVertebrate host #2Invertebrate host eats eggsClass CestodaParasitic tapewormsClass Cestodascolexproglottids2 body regions: scolex and proglottidsClass CestodaScolexsuckersrostellumClass CestodaProglottids • repeating segments containing reproductive organs• may be immature, mature, or gravidClass CestodaImmature proglottids• found at the anterior end of the tapeworm• contain no noticeable sex organsClass CestodaMature proglottids• found in the middle of the tapeworm • contain noticeable sex organs• sperm must come from either a different proglottid or a different individualClass Cestodagenital poreovaryuterustestessperm ductvaginaMature proglottidsClass CestodaGravid proglottids• found at the posterior end of the tapeworm• contain fertilized eggs• entire proglottid is shed in the host’s feces eggsuterusCestoda Life CycleAdult tapeworm (in host intestine)Gravid proglottidseggsVertebrate host #1Infective stage in host muscleVertebrate host #2Ecology•Parasitic flatworms infect many people in some parts of the world (for example, the Chinese liver fluke infects approx. 30 million people in Asia)•Some Trematodes have display polyembyony: a single larvae can have up to 4 younger larvae developing within it•Trematodes are a model system for studying host parasite coevolutionPhylum Nemerteathe ribbonwormsPhysiologyFeeding–Free-living, carnivorous –have an eversible proboscis that is not connected to the digestive system–Proboscis is used to stab prey and may have a poisonous tip (or stylet)PhysiologyrhynchocoelproboscismouthrhynchocoelPhysiologyDigestion–intestine is unbranched–complete system (mouth and anus)This is the first animal to have an anus!!!PhysiologyReproductionAsexual–Some species are capable of reproducing asexually through fragmentation and regenerationSexual– usually dioecious– internal fertilizationPhysiologyOsmoregulation and excretion–same as PlatyhelminthesNervous system–same as PlatyhelminthesSkeletal systemsame as PlatyhelminthesPhysiologyCirculation–closed circulatory system consisting of contractile blood vesselsThis is the first animal to have a closed circulatory system!!!Ecology•Nemerteans are mostly marine, although there are a few species found in freshwater (and even a few on land!)•They range in size from a few millimeters to 30 meters•Their biology is little known in part because they are extremely fragile and fragment easilyHow do the acoelomates fit in?Poriferaunknown common ancestorCnidariatriploblasticorgan level of organizationPlatyhelminthesprotonephridiacephalizationLadder-like nervous systemNemerteaproboscisComplete digestive systemClosed circ.


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FSU BSC 2011 - Lecture Notes Acoelomate

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