BSC2011 Dixon Exam 4 Review*These notes are a compilation of material from the power points and textbook. I have bolded wordsthat Dixon specifically discussed or suggested we know and italicized words I predict will also beimportant. I spent a lot of time on this review and hope it helps!*Lecture 27: Introduction to Ecology & Chapter 52- Ecology- The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environmento Ecology is studied at multiple levels of organizationIndividual- Organismal ecology- concerned with how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment Population- a group of individuals of the same species living in an area- Population ecology- analyzes factors that affect population size and howand why it changes through time Community- a group of populations of different species in an area- Community Ecology- examines how interactions between species, such as predation and competition, affect community structure and organization Ecosystem- the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors withwhich those organisms interact- Ecosystem Ecology- emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment Landscape (or seascape)- a mosaic of connected ecosystems- Landscape Ecology- focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems Biosphere- the global system; the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes- Global Ecology- examines how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere.o Ecology is the study of factors influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms- Climate- the long-term, prevailing weather conditions in a given areao Important factors: temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and windo Macroclimate- patterns on the global, regional, and landscape levelo Microclimate- very fine, localized patterns- Global climate patterns are determined largely by the input of solar energy and earth’s movement in spaceo Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensityo Solar radiation near the equator initiates a global pattern of air circulation and precipitation. Surface heating drives air circulation- Climate factors can be modified by seasonal variation in climate, large bodies of water, and mountain rangeso Ocean currents influence climate along the coasts of continents by heating or cooling overlying air masses that pass across the land Due to the high specific heat of water, oceans and large lakes tend to moderate the climate of nearby lando When warm, moist air reaches a mountain, the air rises and cools, releasing moisture onthe windward side of the peak. On the leeward side, cooler, dry air descends, absorbing moisture and producing a “rain shadow” (deserts are often found on the leeward side ofmountains). Mountains also affect the amount of sunlight reaching an area and thus the local temperature and rainfall- The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbanceo Biome- major life zones characterized by vegetation type (in terrestrial biomes) or by the physical environment (in aquatic biomes)- Terrestrial Biomes: determined by temperature and moistureo Tropical Forest- found in equatorial and subequatorial regions, high precipitation, high temperature, little seasonal variationo Desert- occur in bands near 30° north and south latitude or in the interior of continents, low and highly variable precipitation, highly variable temperatureo Savannao Chaparralo Temperate Grasslando Northern Coniferous Foresto Temperate Broadleaf Forest- found mainly in midlatitudes in the northern hemisphereo Tundra- Zonation in aquatic biomeso Photic zone- the upper layer where there is sufficient light for photosynthesiso Aphotic zone- lower layer where little light penetrateso Pelagic zone- made up of both the photic and aphotic zoneso Abyssal zone- the deep part of the aphotic zone (2,000-6,000m below the surface)o Benthic zone- the bottom of all aquatic biomes, deep or shallow- Aquatic Biomes: determined by proximity to shore, light, bottom vs. open water, and available nutrientso Lakeso Wetlands- a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soilo Streams and riverso Estuaries- a transition area between land and seao Intertidal zoneso Oceanic pelagic zone- a vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind-drivenoceanic currentso Coral Reefs- formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals in the photic zoneo Marine Benthic Zone- the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal or neritic zone and the offshore, pelagic zone- Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of specieso One factor that contributes greatly to the global distribution of organisms is dispersal, the movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origins or from centers of high population densityo Biotic factors, or other species, may limit where a population lives even if it can disperseand adapt elsewhereo Abiotic factors, such as temperature, water, oxygen, salinity, sunlight, or soil may also limit a species’ distributionLecture 28: Populations and Life History & Chapter 53.1-53.2- Density- the number of individuals per unit area or volume - Dispersion- the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population- Mark-recapture method- one of the ways of estimating a population sizeo m= number of individuals originally markedo n= number of individuals in 2nd sampleo x= number of individuals in both sampleso N= estimated population sizeo x/n=m/N ex: m=180, n=44, x=7, N=? x/n=m/N xN=nm N=(nm)/x N=(44*180)/7= 1131.4- Population density changes through births, immigration (the influx of new individuals from other areas), mortality, and emigration (the movement if individuals out of a population and into other locations)- Patterns of dispersion:o Clumped- individuals are aggregated in patches Example: starfish or fungi Can occur because of a particular resource or because of social interactionso Uniform- evenly spaced Example: king penguins Often due to territoriality o Random- the position of each individual is independent of other individuals; unpredictable spacing Example: Dandelions- Demography- the study
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