BIOLOGY CHAPTER ONE Themes of Life Life o Organization o Consume energy o Reproduction o Self regulation o Sense and respond to environment o Evolution Emergent properties at different levels of organization Major Themes o Levels of organization o Energy flow o Structure function relationship o Cellular basis of life o Continuity of life o Regulatory mchanisms Nature of Science Inductive observational Deductive experimental Scientific method o Observe o Define hypothesis o Design experiment to test hypothesis o Interpret results o Draw conclusions CELLULAR MOLECULAR BIO IS THE SCIENCE OF UNDERSTANDING HOW THE STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION AND REGULATION OF MOLECULES AND CELLS RELATE TO THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ORGANISMS CHAPTER TWO Chemistry Element cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions Proton positively charged subatomic particle determines the atomic number of an element Isotope same element different of neutrons Shell energy level of electrons at an average distance from the nucleus o 2 pairs of electrons Bond a force connecting 2 atoms together o Shape determined by geometry of valence orbitals Electronegativity attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond o Unequal sharing of electrons hydrogen bonds Compound 2 or more elements is a fixed ratio Neutron neutral charged subatomic particle in the nucleus Atomic number of protons in an atom Orbital the place where the electron will be 90 of the time o atoms want to fill their orbitals Covalent bond where electrons SHARE one of more pairs of valence electrons Polarity lack of symmetry Molecule 2 or more atoms Electron negative charged subatomic particle not in the nucleus Atomic mass protons neutrons Valence the reactivity of the atom Ionic attraction b w opposite charged ions o Stripping electrons from one atom by another Ion atom that has lost or gained one electron acquiring a charge CHAPTER THREE Water WATER IS THE SOLVENT OF LIFE Properties of water o Cohesion the binding together of like molecules often by hydrogen bonds o surface tension waters ability to resist breakage in the surface hydrogen bonds o Adhesion attraction b w different kinds of molecules o High specific heat heat of vaporization o Solid less dense than liquid hydrogen bonds o Highly polar solvent Solution liquid that is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances Hydrophilic loves water Solute dissolved mole of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons contains pH a measure of hydrogen concentration avogadros of molecules hydrophobic dislike water specific heat the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temp by 1 degree Celsius resistance to change in temp buffer manages level of pH molarity a common measure of solute concentration referring to of moles of solute per liter of solution solvent dissolving agent heat of vaporization resistance to becoming a gas CHAPTER FOUR Orgo Chem BACKBONE OF LIFE isomer same molecular formula different structure diff properties functional groups o carbonyl carbon atom oxygen atom via double bond KETONES ALDEHYDES o sulfhydryl sulfur atom hydrogen via single bond two sulfhydryls can react forming a covalent bond cross linking helps stabilize the structure o carboxyl oxygen carbon atom OH group double bonds has acidic props bc covalent bond b w oxygen and hydrogen is so polar found in cells in the ionized form w charge of 1 o hydroxyl hydrogen atom oxygen atom carbon skeleton alcohols polar electrons spend more time near oxygen helps dissolve organic compounds such as sugars o methyl carbon 3 hydrogen atoms addition of methyl group to DNA affections gene expressions arrangement affects function o amino nitrogen 2 hydrogen atoms carbon skeleton acts as a base can pick up H from surrounding solution ionized w charge of 1 o phosphate phosphorus 4 oxygen atoms backbone for phospholipids cell membranes contributes a negative charge to the molecule its attached to potential to react w water releasing energy enantiomer one of two compounds are mirror images of each other CHAPTER FIVE Macromolecules Four Types Carbohydrate sugars and polymers of sugars o Monosaccharide simple sugars o Disaccharide double sugars connected w double bond Glycosidic linkage covalent bond formed b w monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis o Polysaccharide polymers w few hundred to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages Starch polymer of glucose monomers Helix molecule Glycogen polymer of glucose but is more branched Cellulose polysaccharide tough walls that enclose plants Straight molecule Chitin carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their exoskeleton Lipid mix poorly with water non polar o Fats constructed from 2 kinds of smaller molecules glycerol and fatty acids Fatty acids long carbon skeleton usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length the carbon at one end is a part of the carboxyl group Triglyceride fat Saturated fat saturated with hydrogen Unsaturated fat one or more double bonds bc of the removal of hydrogen on the carbon skeleton Energy storage o Phospholipids make up cell membranes Amphipathic attracted to water and repelled by water o Steroids lipids w 4 fused rings Signaling molecules Protein speeds up chemical reactions structural support storage transport cellular communication movement defense against foreign substances o Polypeptides polymers of amino acids o Amino acids organic molecules w both carboxyl and amino functional groups o Peptide bond covalent bond as result of dehydration reaction of polymers o Denature protein may unravel and lose its native shape o Protein structure Primary unique sequence of amino acids Secondary shape coils and folds Alpha helix Beta sheets Tertiary overall shape of polypeptide R groups side chains Quaternary aggregation of polypeptides into subunits protein structure Nucleic acid genes consist of DNA polymer of nucleotide monomers joined by phosphate sugar phosphodiester linkages o DNA deoxyribonucleic acid provides direction for its own replication Double helix made up of 2 strands Directs RNA Controls protein synthesis Inherited genetic material o RNA ribonucleic acid conveys genetic instruction for building blocks from nucleus to cytoplasm Single strand w a complex shape based on self pairing of complementary nucleotides within the same strand o Pyrimidine 6 member ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms o Purine larger 6 member ring fused to 5 member ring o Nucleotide
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