Review for Final ExamSlide 2Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s fitness for lifeEffects of Changes in pHSlide 5Fig. 5-7Fig. 5-13Fig. 5-17Fig. 5-18Fig. 5-21Fig. 5-27Fig. 6-6Fig. 6-9aFig. 6-9bFig. 6-UN1Slide 16ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactionsSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Receptors in the Plasma MembraneSlide 25Slide 26Slide 27Origins of Genetic Variation Among OffspringSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Fig. 17-23Slide 40Fig. 18-6Fig. 18-7Fig. 18-9-3Effects on mRNAs by MicroRNAs and Small Interfering RNAsFig. 18-13Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression During Cellular DifferentiationFig. 18-21Structure of VirusesSlide 49Chapters 20 & 21 2 (10 Point) QuestionsReview for Final ExamFig. 2-12Name andMolecularFormulaElectron-distributionDiagramLewis DotStructure andStructural FormulaSpace-fillingModel(a) Hydrogen (H2)(b) Oxygen (O2)(c) Water (H2O)(d) Methane (CH4)Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s fitness for life•Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment for life are:–Cohesive behavior–Ability to moderate temperature–Expansion upon freezing–Versatility as a solventEffects of Changes in pH•Concentrations of H+ and OH– are equal in pure water•Adding certain solutes, called acids and bases, modifies the concentrations of H+ and OH– •Biologists use something called the pH scale to describe whether a solution is acidic or basic (the opposite of acidic)•The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:–Hydroxyl group–Carbonyl group–Carboxyl group–Amino group–Sulfhydryl group–Phosphate group–Methyl groupFig. 5-7(a) and glucose ring structures Glucose Glucose(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers (b) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomersFig. 5-13(b)Space-filling model(a) (c)Structural formulaPhospholipid symbolFatty acidsHydrophilicheadHydrophobictailsCholinePhosphateGlycerolHydrophobic tailsHydrophilic headFig. 5-17NonpolarGlycine(Gly or G)Alanine(Ala or A)Valine(Val or V)Leucine(Leu or L)Isoleucine(Ile or I)Methionine(Met or M)Phenylalanine(Phe or F)Trypotphan(Trp or W)Proline(Pro or P)PolarSerine(Ser or S)Threonine(Thr or T)Cysteine(Cys or C)Tyrosine(Tyr or Y)Asparagine(Asn or N)Glutamine(Gln or Q)ElectricallychargedAcidic BasicAspartic acid(Asp or D)Glutamic acid(Glu or E)Lysine(Lys or K)Arginine(Arg or R)Histidine(His or H)PeptidebondFig. 5-18Amino end(N-terminus)PeptidebondSide chainsBackboneCarboxyl end(C-terminus)(a)(b)Fig. 5-21PrimaryStructureSecondaryStructureTertiaryStructure pleated sheetExamples ofamino acidsubunits+H3N Amino end helixQuaternaryStructureFig. 5-275 endNucleosideNitrogenousbasePhosphategroupSugar(pentose)(b) Nucleotide(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid3 end3C3C5C5CNitrogenous basesPyrimidinesCytosine (C)Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)PurinesAdenine (A) Guanine (G)SugarsDeoxyribose (in DNA)Ribose (in RNA)(c) Nucleoside components: sugarsFig. 6-6FimbriaeNucleoidRibosomesPlasma membraneCell wallCapsuleFlagellaBacterialchromosome(a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)0.5 µmFig. 6-9aENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)Smooth ERRough ERFlagellumCentrosomeCYTOSKELETON:MicrofilamentsIntermediatefilamentsMicrotubulesMicrovilliPeroxisomeMitochondrionLysosomeGolgiapparatusRibosomesPlasma membraneNuclearenvelopeNucleolusChromatinNUCLEUSFig. 6-9bNUCLEUSNuclear envelopeNucleolusChromatinRough endoplasmic reticulumSmooth endoplasmic reticulumRibosomesCentral vacuoleMicrofilamentsIntermediate filamentsMicrotubulesCYTO-SKELETONChloroplastPlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cellCell wallPlasma membranePeroxisomeMitochondrionGolgiapparatusFig. 6-UN1Cell Component Structure Function Houses chromosomes, made ofchromatin (DNA, the geneticmaterial, and proteins); containsnucleoli, where ribosomalsubunits are made. Poresregulate entry and exit ofmaterials. Nucleus (ER) Concept 6.3 The eukaryotic cell’s geneticinstructions are housed inthe nucleus and carried outby the ribosomes Ribosome Concept 6.4 Endoplasmic reticulum The endomembrane systemregulates protein traffic andperforms metabolic functionsin the cell (Nuclearenvelope) Concept 6.5 Mitochondria and chloro-plasts change energy fromone form to another Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Mitochondrion Chloroplast PeroxisomeTwo subunits made of ribo-somal RNA and proteins; can befree in cytosol or bound to ERExtensive network ofmembrane-bound tubules andsacs; membrane separateslumen from cytosol;continuous withthe nuclear envelope.Membranous sac of hydrolyticenzymes (in animal cells) Large membrane-boundedvesicle in plantsBounded by doublemembrane;inner membrane hasinfoldings (cristae)Typically two membranesaround fluid stroma, whichcontains membranous thylakoidsstacked into grana (in plants)Specialized metaboliccompartment bounded by asingle membraneProtein synthesis Smooth ER: synthesis oflipids, metabolism of carbohy-drates, Ca2+ storage, detoxifica-tion of drugs and poisons Rough ER: Aids in synthesis ofsecretory and other proteins frombound ribosomes; addscarbohydrates to glycoproteins;produces new membrane Modification of proteins, carbo-hydrates on proteins, and phos-pholipids; synthesis of manypolysaccharides; sorting of Golgiproducts, which are then released in vesicles. Breakdown of ingested substances,cell macromolecules, and damagedorganelles for recycling Digestion, storage, wastedisposal, water balance, cellgrowth, and protectionCellular respiration Photosynthesis Contains enzymes that transferhydrogen to water, producinghydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as aby-product, which is convertedto water by other enzymesin the peroxisome Stacks of flattenedmembranoussacs; has polarity(cis and transfaces) Surrounded by nuclearenvelope (double membrane)perforated by nuclear pores.The nuclear envelope iscontinuous with theendoplasmic reticulum (ER).Fig. 7-17Passive transport Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport ATPATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions•A cell does three main kinds of work:–Chemical–Transport–Mechanical•To do work, cells manage energy resources by energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one•Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by ATPFig. 8-15Progress of the
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