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BSCI105, Freshman Connection Fall 2012Major Points, Lecture 4 (Chapter 5)1. What is a "macromolecule"?2. Define "monomer" and "polymer."3. What reaction is often used to synthesize macromolecules? Describe how it works.4. What reaction is often used to break down macromolecules? Describe how it works.5. What are four major classes of organic macromolecules?6. What are carbohydrates? What are they used for?7. What is a monosaccharide? Give one significant example.simple sugars, glucose8. What is a disaccharide? Give one example and define its components.two sugars joined covalently(glycosidic linkage), formed by dehydration synthesis and broken by hy-drolysis. ex: sucrose, glucose, fructose9. What is a polysaccharide?-for storing energy -starch(plants)--- polymer of glucose, helical, mostly unbranched (amylose)(1-4 glycosidic link),can be branched (amylopetin)(1-6 glycosidic linkage) -glycogen(animals)--- polymer for glucose, extensively branched-storage of simple sugars-for structural elements -cellulose(plants)10. Monosaccharides are recognizable by what two functional groups?11. How many carbons do typical sugar molecules have?12. Give an example of two sugars that are structural isomers and describe the difference between them.13. What type of linkage is used in disaccharides? How is it formed?14. Why do cells make disaccharides?15. What is a polysaccharide?16. What are two major use of polysaccharides in cells?17. What are two kinds of energy storage polysaccharides made in plants? How do they differ?18. What is the major energy storage polysaccharide in animals? How does it differ from the plant macromolecule?19. What is the major structural polysaccharide made by plants?cellulose---polymer of glucose, not helical (linear), never branches, uses beta glycosidic linkages, beta linkages promote hydrogen bonding btw cellulose molecules, beta linkages are only digestible by microorganisms20. What are beta-glycosidic linkages? How do they contribute to the structure and stability of polysac-charide fibers?promote hydrogen bonding btw cellulose molecules, and only digestible by microorganisms21. What is an example of a structural polysaccharide made by animals? What makes it unique?chitin- glucose monomers modified with nitrogen group attached. forms exoskeletons and surgical thread22. What property defines all lipids?non-polar and hydrophobic23. Why are lipids not considered "macromolecules"?can be big but are not polymers24. What two kinds of molecule are the building blocks for fats and oils?glycerol and fatty acids25. What do we call the kind of molecule that makes fats and oils?triacylglycerol26. What chemical process is used to build a fat molecule?dehydration synthesis27. What is the difference between fats and oils?oils are unsaturated with 1 or more double bonds in fatty acid chains, unlike fats with no double bonds allowing hydrogens to group28. Why are fats solid at room temperature while oils are liquid?oils are saturated29. Draw a phospholipid molecule and label the major components.30 How do phospholipids differ from other fat molecules?distinct chemical properties. two fatty legs, very polar head with lots of oxygen. hydrophobic end and very polar end. one soluble, one not31. Why are phospholids amphipathic?hydrophobic tail, hydrophillic head. likes both.32. What is a "micelle" and how is it formed?circles that have the happy hydrophilic heads outside, and the tails on the inside33. Explain why phospholipids are important for making cell membranes.create bilayers meaning the basis for the cell membrane. keep34. What molecule are all steroids made from?cholesterolfour ring structure35. What do me call the polymer chains that make up proteins? 36. What type of molecules are the monomers from which proteins are made?37. Draw the structure of an amino acid molecule and label the four significant parts.38. There are how many naturally occurring amino acids? What differs among them?-20 amino acids, make so many proteins after creation of these 2039. What are three types of chemical properties that differ among amino acids?-polar/non-polar, neutral/charged, acidic/basic40. What four groups does your textbook use to classify the amino acids?-41. What type of bond links monomers in a polypeptide chain? How is it formed?-peptide bonds-formed by dehydration synthesis, links amino group to carboxyl group42. Describe how the bonds in a polypeptide chain are arranged in relation to the amino acid monomers.43. Why do we say polypeptides have an "amino" or "N" terminus and a "carboxyl" or "C" terminus?44. Name the four levels of structure used to describe proteins/primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary45. What is the "primary structure" of a protein based on?sequence of amino acids. read starting from polypeptide amino terminus. diversity determined by length46. What chemical interaction creates the "secondary structure" of a protein?determined by hydrogen bonds along backbone of same polypeptide 47. Name two stable secondary structures found in proteins.alpha helix, beta sheet48. What chemical interactions determine the "tertiary structure" of a protein?determined by the between R-groups of same polypeptide49. What type of bond is of particular importance for stability of protein tertiary structures?hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions + van der waals, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges50. What is the "quaternary structure" of a protein?interactions between different peptide chains. 4 peptide chains together51. What is denaturation? What environmental factors contribute to this process?loss of protein structure in response to environmental condition; break a protein-often reversible; renaturation-pH, temp, salinity52. What are two types of nucleic acid?RNA-fairly similar to nucleic acidsDNAaka information storage molecules53. What monomers are used to build nucleic acid polymers?nucleotides54. What type of bond connects monomers in a "polynucleotide" chain?phosphodiester linkage55. What parts of each nucleotide are linked together in this type of bond?nitrogenous basepentose sugarphosphate group56. Draw a nucleotide and label its component parts.57. What part differs between different nucleotides of the same type?purines and pyrimidines58. What component differs between all RNA and all DNA nucleotides? What are the two versions called?DNA is a double helix, RNA makes 3D structures with self pairing59. Which "bases" are purines?A, G60. Which bases are


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UMD BSCI 105 - Chapter 5

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