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Exam 1I. Big Bang- red shift a.k.a. Dopler Effect- longer wavelengths of things going away from you - shorter wavelengths of things approaching you- showed that the universe is expanding... hint to the Big Bang- background radiation picked up by antenna- evidence of some huge explosion... hint to the Big Bang- BIG BANG THEORY- the universe collapsed on itself, the matter was thrown into space and expanded- particles of matter separate... plasma- plasma cools, protons, electrons, and neutrons stick together- primary matter is hydrogenII. Thermonuclear fusionE = mc^2c = speed of lightm = mass lost because it was converted to energy (gives the BOOM!)III. Particles of matterprotons: positive chargeelectrons: negative chargeneutrons: no chargemass number = number of protons and neutronsatomic number = number of protons(atom is defined by the number of protons and electrons)IV. Isotopesdifferent number of neutrons, so slightly varying mass of the same atomV. Electron orbitals- different energy levels or shells- when energy is absorbed electrons move to outer orbitals- when energy is lost electrons move to inner orbitalsK - s orbital only (2 electrons max.)L - s and p orbital (8 electrons max.)M - s and p orbital (8 electrons max.)VI. Bondscovalent: sharing of electrons between atoms (single, double, triple bonds)polar: unequal sharing of electrons, at any given time one atom may be more neg. the other more pos.Oxygen > polar covalent with > Carbon and HydrogenNitrogen > polar covalent with > Hydrogennon-polar: equal sharing of electrons, no chargeCarbon > non-polar covalent > Hydrogenionic: giving or taking electronshydrogen: non-covalent attraction between Hydrogen and an electronegative atom (O,N)Van der Waals interactions: changing regions of pos. and neg. allow atoms and molecules to stick togetherVII. Ionscations: atoms with 1 or 2 valence electronswill loose electronshave a positive chargeanions: atoms with 6 or 7 valence electronswill gain electronshave a negative chargeVIII. Functional groupsIX. Carbon- versatile structure with 4 valence electrons- can form asymmetric bonds- bonds form at a variety of angles- easily forms bonds with O,H,NX. Molea measure of concentration of solute in a solution (number of molecules in a specific volume)one mole = 6.02 x 10^23 (Avogadro’s number)one molar solution (M) = one mole in a final volume of one literXI. Properties of water- cohesion: from hydrogen bonding- surface tension- adhesion and capillary action- high specific heat- water boils at a high temp. compared to other molecules of similar weight- stays liquid at temp. compatible with life (room temp.)- good solvent for polar molecules- forces non-polar molecules to adhere together- freezes from the top down, at 4º C it is most dense- ionizes or dissociates H20 > H+ and OH-- pure water is 10^-7 moles/liter, pH 7XII. pH- determines the shape of macromolecules (proteins)- determines ionizationACIDIC H+BASIC OH-pH = -log [H+]10^-6 [H+] = pH 66.7 x 10 ^-5 M [H+] = .000067 ..... .00001 < .000067 < .0001...... pH between 4 and 5[OH] = 6.7x10^-5 M = POH between 4 and 5 ..... pH is between 9-10pH = 14 - POHXIII. Buffers- minimize changes in [H+] and [OH] by reversibly binding H+ as its concentration changesHA > H+ and A-conjugated form > acid and base*add acid... adding [H+] reaction will move <*add base... removing [H+] reaction will move >XIV. Living organisms:- obtain and use energy- reproduce- grow- adapt to environment (evolve)- maintain ordered structure- respond to environment- cellularXV. Carbohydrates- polar molecules, soluble in water- dehydration synthesis makes polysaccharides - basic structure: H - C - OHstarch:- glycogen has alpha 1-4 and 1-6 linkages- unbranched 1-4 carbons (amylose)- branched 1-6 carbons (amylopectin)- purpose is storage- we have enzymes to digest alpha linkagescellulose:- beta linkages- in plant cell walls- structural support- similar to chitin in exoskeleton of insectsXVI. Lipids- fatty acid: simplest lipid- amphipathic: polar and non-polar regions- glyceride: 3 carbon molecule and fatty acidsXVII. Proteins amino acid (amine and carboxyl)Primary structure:sequence of amino acidsSecondary structure:alpha helices and beta pleated sheetshydrogen bonding between amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl of another amino acidcarboxyl is polar! so is amino group!Tertiary structure:3D folding patterninteractions between R groups- hydrogen bonding- disulfide bridges - Van der Waals interactions- ionic bonds- hydrophobic interactionsQuaternary structure:peptide subunitsinteractions between R groups of different subunitshemoglobin, 4 subunits (2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains)R group determines polarity! non polar R means non polar proteincarboxyl and amino*NH2 - C - COOH the pH in the body is 7.4NH3+ - C - COO-(when you decrease pH more acidic more protons) R groups pick up charges gets more positive(when you increase pH more basic less protons) wants to pull a proton from amino groupfunctions:- enzymes- transport sites in membrane- connection to cytoskeleton- cell-cell recognition- cellular junctions- signal transductionXVIII. Nucleic acidsDNA and RNAExam 2I. Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotesII. Problems all cells face- concentration of required substances in intracellular fluids- surface area to volume ratio- diffusion distancesIII. Surface area and volumesurface area is the function of the square of a linear dimensionvolume is the function of the cube of a linear dimension*cell size is limited by the surface area which can support the increased volumeIV. Diffusion distancesdifference in distance squaredexample: If a solute molecule diffuses .01 mm in 1 sec. how long would it take to diffuse .1 mm?- the distance increased by 10- 10^2 = 100- increased time by a factor of 100V. Cellular functions- regulate internal contents- reproduce- harvest and store energy for biosynthesis and growth- process/remove waste- make proteins- get proteins to correct locations- sense environment and other cellsVI. Organelle functionsVII. Plant vs. animal*lysosomes are also only in animal cellsIV. Cellular junctionsdesmosomes: joins and holds cells together in a tissuetight junctions: prevents diffusiongap junctions (plasmodesmata): allows small molecules to pass from one cell into anotherV. Evidence for endosymbiotic origin- mitochondria resemble bacteria in size and shape- bounded by double membrane, the outer derived from the engulfing vesicle and the inner from


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UMD BSCI 105 - Exam 1

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