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Chapter 1:How do you know if something is alive?- Growth & Development- Reproduce- Energy- Cells- Adapt & evolve- Respond to Environment- DNA is the genetic material passed onto offspringUnifying Themes in Biology- Hierarchy of organization- All living organisms follow principles of chemistry and physics- Organisms interact with other organisms and their environment- Life requires energy transfer & transformation- Correlation of structure & function- Cell is an organisms basic unito Paramecia  protest single cell living organism. No tissues by many cellular structures- Inheritance of biological Information  DNA- Regulatory mechanisms ensure dynamic balanceo Negative feedback slows process down  changes activityo Positive feeback speeds process up  activity promotes continuation- Core theme: Evolution- Accounts of unity + diversity of lifeUnity in diversityDomain, Kingdom, Philium, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species3 domains of life:- Archea - Prokaryote single cell and more- Bacteria - Abundant & diverse than Eukaryotes- EukaryaProkaryotic- Domains contain Bacteria and ArcheaEukaryotic- 4 kingdoms: 1. Protists2. Fungi3. Plant4. AnimalClassification Taxonomy: taxonomic schemes undergo change as we understand life more- Foundation of science is observationScience= process of arriving at a solution to a problem or understanding an event in nature- Science proceeded by testing & developing hypotheses- If, then statements- Cause and effect- Deductive reasoning  experimentationInductive- Specific to general. Method to discoveryDeductive- General to specific. Hypothesis then prediction. Verification. If… then. Experiment.Primary purpose of scientific experiments is testing hypothesis.Observation= Specific data to a broad generalization inductive reasoning. QuestionsWhat are the 3 domains of life?Which ones are for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?What are the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms?Define Classification TaxonomyWhat is science?What is observation?Define inductive and deductive reasoningChapter 2:All organisms are composed of matterMatter- takes up space and has mass, composed of elementsElement- -can’t be broken down into anything else by chem reaction-117 elements-94 on earth-25 are found in living organismsTrace Elements- minute amount but critical  iodine in thyroid hormoneAtom- smallest unit of matter that is an element. 98% composed of CHNOPSProtons + NeutronsElectrons –Atoms are spaciousIsotopes126C 136C 146C  Same # of protons but varying #s of neutrons126C 12: Atomic mass (in daltons)  protons + neutrons6: Atomic number#protons=#electronsRadioisotopes: Unstable atoms. Break down into other elements radioactive decayCarbon dating for fossils and used in medicineEnergy- capacity to do workPotential E- Energy matter possesses because of location or structureKinetic E- E associated with relative E of objectElectrons have potential E- Correlated with how far they are from nuecleus- Electrons found in shells are nucleus- Gain/lose as they move shells1st energy shell holds 2e, 2nd and 3rd hold 8Electrons and Energy levels- Number and position of e in atom are responsible for how e react- E attracted to p+; e repelled by e- E move about nucleus in different orbitalsHydrogen- simplest atom: 1p, 1e, 0nLarger atoms have more electrons, farther away from nucleus higher energy levelOuter level full atom is stableChemical bond- electrons interact between 2 atomsElement- Atoms that cen’t be broken downMolecule- 2+ atoms bonded togetherCompound- 2+ elements bonded together in fixed ratiosMixture- 2+ elements that intermingle in varying proportionsChemical reactions change composition of matter- Reactants react, atoms rearrange productNa + Cl  NaClPoisonous metal/ Poisonous gas Table Saltvery reactive with waterStrong Bonds:Ionic Bond- Atoms gain or lose e. Given not shared- Charged atoms ions are created- Electrical attraction with opposite chargesCovalent Bonds- Extremely strong and stable from e sharing2e shared between atoms = 1 covalent bondAtoms don’t always share equally though – bulliesElectronegativity- measure of how strongly electrons in a covalent bond are attracted to an atom- More electronegative an atom- stronger it pulls electrons- Bond formed between 2 atoms of the same type, then electrons shared equallyWater is special- each molecule can bond with 4 other molecules. Structure allows water to exist in every physical phase unlike any other molecule- Deceptively simple. Shaped like a wide V with 2 hydrogen atomsjoined to the oxygen atom by single covalent bonds.- is more electronegative than H so electrons so es of the covalentbonds are closer to O; Polar bonds.Electronegativity: measure of how strongly electrons in a covalent bond are attracted to an atom. More electronegative an atom, stronger it pulls electrons towards itself. Bond formed between 2 of the same atom electrons shared equally.- Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Equal Sharing- Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal Sharing Polar Bonds- Unequal sharing of electrons. Water’s V-like shape makes it a Polar Molecule- overall charge is unevenly distributed. Oxygen region has partial negative charge and hydrogen has partial positive charge.The slightly positive H of one is attracted to the slightly negative O of another molecule and they form a Hydrogen Bond. H bonds are fragile. They form, break, and reform frequently. They are independently weak but collectively they’re strong. Each molecule can H Bond with 4 other moleculesVan der Waals Interactions- Changing “hot spot” of positive and negative charges due to random non-symmetrical distribution of e-s inmolecules.- Anything sticks to anything if they’re close- Weakest bond - Determines 3D shape of proteins, interaction btw enzyme and substrate, and specificity of antigen-antibody interaction.-- Solid Liquid GasMatterElementTrace ElementsAtomIsotopesAtomic massAtomic numberRadioisotopesEnergy (potential and kinetic)Energy shells (1st, 2nd, and 3rd)What makes an atom higher energy?What makes an atom stable?Chemical bondCompoundMixtureMoleculeIonic BondCovalent BondElectronegativityChapter 3:4 properties make water essential1. Organisms depends on cohesion of water molecules2. Water moderates temperature on earth3. Oceans don’t freeze because water floats4. Solvent of life1. Organisms depend on cohesion of water moleculesCohesion- Water moves from plants roots to leaves- Insects walk on water due to surface tension


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UMD BSCI 105 - Chapter 1

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