Bio study guide exam 11. Ionic and Covalent Bondsa. Ionici. Between two ions of opposite charges - When one atom strips an electron away in an interactionii. Don’t involve shared electrons only electrostatic interactionsiii. Much weaker than covalent bondsiv. Characteristic of inorganic compoundsb. Covalenti. When atoms share equally one or more valence electronsii. Not necessarily shared equally – if shared unequally than bond is polar iii. electronegativity describes the pull of an atom in an bond iv. nonpolar binds are when the electron[s] are equally shared2. Molecules are held together bya. Hydrogen bondsi. The small bind between hydrogen’s and oxygen’s in a water solutionii. Are really weakiii. Electrostatic interactions between atoms with partial chargesb. Hydrophobic interactionsi. Nonpolar molecules cluster together and try and have the least amount of the least of them touching water as possible so form clumps c. Van der Waals bondsi. Weak interactions between non-polar molecules in the clumpii. Temporary + and – charges caused by movement of electrons causes this weak attraction3. Properties of Carbohydratesa. How do they get across membranesi. It depends on whether they are polar or non polar, polar molecules go across the membrane through facilitated diffusion whereas non polar can simply diffuse across the nonpolar area in the intermembraneous spaceb. how to recognize an asymmetrical carboni. Carbon atoms with 4 different atoms or groups attached. 4. Properties of Lipidsa. Why do phospholipids form bilayersi. Phospholipids form bilayers because they have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails so arrange in a formation so that the tails are protected from the water and the heads get to bathe in the waterb. What are the properties of biological membranesi. Biological membranes have a polar outer skin and a nonpolar area within the membrane c. How do ions, water, sugars, O2 get across i. Ions, water, sugars, and o2 get across through the use of gap junctions which are the communication lines between most cellsd. What determines the stability of a fatty acidi. The stability of the fatty acid is determined by whether or not it is asaturated or unsaturated fatty acidii. Unsaturated fat has a bend in the hydrocarbon chain due to the presence of a double bond whereas saturated fatty acids have straight tailsiii. This bend allows more space between the molecules which lessens the stability of the fatty acid which is why margarine is a paste and butter is a solid – margarine has more unsaturated fat than butter5. What are proteinsa. What gives each protein a unique tertiary structurei. The tertiary structure is determined solely by the primary structure and the identity of the R groups1. polar r groups and charged r groups are hydrophilic and want to be in contact with waterb. What are primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure of proteinsi. Primary structure is the initial structure in the 2d sense - the aminoacid sequence ii. Secondary Structure is the formation of alpha helix, or beta pleatedsheets - polypeptideiii. Tertiary structure is the whole mass of 3 dimensional shape of a polypeptide iv. Quaternary – the whole interactions between different polypeptidesand all of their various structuresc. How do proteins interact with other proteinsi. Can contain cavities where other molecules interact by fitting into the space and forming hydrogen bonds with amino acid R groupsd. What is a protein dimmeri. Protein dimmer is two polypeptides that interact to form the final protein e. How are proteins foldedi. Proteins are folded by chaperones which take the protein into themto prevent the protein from interacting with other proteins while folding and causing mutations and misfoldingf. What is the consequence of misfolded proteinsi. Consequence of misfolded proteins is that they are sticky because there is nonpolar groups touching water and so to prevent that they stick to other proteins and eventually form a big insoluable mess – this causes disease1. proteins go through some intermediates before getting to final shape and these intermediates may be sticky – chaperone usually prevents this stickiness from sticking to other proteinsg. What are some functions of membrane proteinsi. Membrane proteins are proteins that get misfolded and get into the membrane acting like an ion channel – this disrupts the cells electrical activity6. RNA and DNAa. What is the difference between RNA secondary structure and the DNA secondary structurei. The secondary structure of DNA is in a double stranded alpha helix ii. The secondary structure of RNA is the hydrogen bonds between nearby bases – RNA is going to fold onto itself to become more stableb. Why do hydrogen bonds form between nucleotide basesi. Hydrogen bonds form because of the closeness of hydrogen and oxygen’s in the nucleotide bases and the molecule will want to folduntil it is in the most stable formc. What is the differences between peptide bonds and phosphodiester bondsi. Phosphodiester bond is one between nucleotides in RNA or DNAii. Peptide bonds are between polypeptides in the secondary structure of the RNA or DNAd. How do proteins interact with RNA and DNAi. Proteins interact with RNA and DNA by using hydrogen binds, electrostatic interactions, van der waals interactions (hydrophobic interactions)e. What is RNA tertiary structurei. Long distance base pairing between bases that appear single stranded in the secondary structure - causes folding of the molecule into three dimensions7. Compare and Contrast animal and plant cellsa. How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotesi. Eukaryotes1. nucleus and separated compartments for different organelles – contains nucleus and chromosomes2. allow for high concentration of molecules that need to interact with each other3. many more ribosomes4. nucleoli5. double membrane around nucleusii. Prokaryotes1. cell wall outside of membrane2. slime surrounds cell wall called capsule3. nucleoid where the genetic material is kept4. photosynthesis ablea. extensive internal membranes derived from plasma membrane to house proteins involved in photosynthesis5. moveable onesa. have whip like flagella to propel themselves around the solutionb. What are the basic functions of the organellesi. Mitochondria1. produces ATP and some proteins mostly involved with the production of energyii. Chloroplasts1. where photosynthesis takes placeiii. E.R1. smootha. lipid synthesis and drug
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