BSCI 105 0921REVIEW FOR EXAM IProperties of living organismsLevels of organization of living organismsChemistry of important elements – number of electrons of outer shell, hydrogen, Covalent bonds – polar (shared non equally), non polar (shared equally), strong bondsIonic bonds – cations and anionsHydrogen bonds – contributes to the four properties were interested inVan der Waals interactions – distance is very important, weakCarbon – tetrahedronCohesive behaviorAbility to moderate temp – water has high specific heatWater is most dense at four degrees CelsiusHydrogen bonds form hydration shellsHydrophilic and Hydrophobic (oil molecules) substancesAcids (adds hydrogen ions) and Bases (reduces hydrogen ions), pH scale to measureHydrogen (valence 1) Oxygen (2) Nitrogen (3) Carbon (4)Isomers (structural, geometric, enantiomers) 7 Functional Groups: Hydroxl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, phosphate, MethylMonomers – Condensation reaction, dehydration reaction Hydrolysis reaction – addition of waterGlycosidic linkage – to form disaccharide, StarchGlycogen – a polysaccharide (two possible ring structure –alpha –beta) – difference in structure determines function (structural vs. storage)Glycerol – fatty acid – long carbon skeleton often 16 to 18 carbons longPhospholipidsSteroidProteins – Amino Acids – don’t need to know structures but need to know groups or electrically charged – Non Polar Vs. Polar Grouping – what constitutes making some non polar or polarPrimary Structure, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary – what kinds of bonds and interactions are important at each levelNucleic Acids – polunucleotide, phosphodiesther bonds Nitrogenous Bases – pyrimidines, purines Sugars- DNA,
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