BSCI105, Freshman Connection Fall 2012Major Points, Lecture 2 (Chapters 2 & 3)1. What is an element?substance that cannot be broken down to other substances in chemical reactions2. What four elements make up most of the mass of living organisms?carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen3. What is the relationship between elements and atoms?atoms make up elements4. Why are characteristics of atoms important in chemistry and biology?determine their reaction or structure5. What are atoms made of? Describe the anatomy of an atom.electrons, protons, neutronsproton nucleus, electron cloud around in shells6. What unit of mass do we use to describe atoms? Define "atomic mass."daltonatomic mass is the total of protons and neutrons 7. How does atomic number differ from atomic mass?atomic number is just protons8. What is an isotope?differing inneutrons7. What is a "shell" of an atom?8. How is the periodic table of elements organized?9. What is an orbital?10. How many electrons can one orbital hold?11. What determines the chemical reactivity of an element?12. What is a compound (or molecule)?13. What is a chemical bond?14. What determines the shape of a simple compound in three dimensions?15. What are the four types of bonds or forces that hold molecules together?16. What is a covalent bond?17. What is electronegativity?18. What property of compounds is a result of unequal electronegativities of attoms?19. What is an ionic bond?20. What is the role of electronegativity in the formation of ionic bonds?21. What is a hydrogen bond?22. What is the role of electronegativity in the formation of hydrogen bonds?23. Do hydrogen bonds occur between polar or non-polar compounds?24. What happens in a chemical reaction?25. Are chemical reactions reversible?26. What is a chemical equilibrium?27. What is a fundamental property of water molecules that gives it such useful properties?28. What is cohesion? It is an emergent property of what kind of bonds in water?29. What is adhesion? It is an emergent property of what kind of bonds in water?30. What is surface tension? It is an emergent property of what kind of bonds in water?31. What property of water allows it to moderate temperature in the environment? This is an emergent property of what kind of bonds in water?32. What property of water makes it good for evaporative cooling? This is an emergent property of what kind of bonds in water?33. What is special about ice as a solid? This is an emergent property of what kind of bonds in water?34. Why is water called a "universal solvent"? 35. Define the terms "hydrophobic" and "hydrophilic."36. What unit of measurement do we use to describe concentration in aqueous solutions?37. What unit of measurement do we use to describe the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution?38. Describe how a log scale works?39. What is an acid? What is a base? What is "alkaline"?40. What is a
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