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BIO OUTLINE CHAPTERS 1 2 3 Biology the study of life WHAT IS LIFE Consume energy Reproduce Generate order Self Regulate Sense respond to environment Evolve Chapter One Themes in the Study of Life EVOLUTION EMERGENT PROPERTIES Organization is key to life Organisms adapt to their environment Levels of Organization STRUCTURE FUNCTION Cells Eukaryotic nucleus Prokaryotic no nucleus DNA GENES BUILD PROTEIN Dna replicates before it divides DNA controls the development and maintenance of the entire organism DNA CENTRAL DATABASE DNA is made of nucleotides A T C G Specific arrangements encode info in genes DNA BLUEPRINTS FOR MAKING PROTEIN BIOSPHERE ECOSYSTEMS COMMUNITIES POPULATIONS ORGANISMS ORGANS TISSUES ORGANELLES CELLS MOLECULES Life requires energy transfer and transformation GENE EXPRESSION RNA NOT ALL RNA PROTEIN GENOME GENOMICS ENZYME HORMONE FEEDBACK o POSITIVE FEEDBACK o NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Cell breakdown sugar ATP CHAPTER TWO CHEMISTRY OF LIFE MATTER ELEMENT COMPOUND 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS TRACE ELEMENTS ATOM SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ATOMIC NUCLEUS ENERGY o PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON o OXYGEN CARBON HYDROGEN NITROGEN Shell closest to nucleus lower PE Shell farther from nucleus higher PE ELECTRONS HAVE PE BC OF THEIR ARRANGEMENT AROUND THE NUCLEUS MATTER HAS A NATURAL TENDENCY TO MOVE TO THE LOWEST PE SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION VALENCE SHELL determine reactivity o FULL SHELL UNREACTIVE o LESS ELECTRONS IN SHELL MORE REACTIVE ORBITAL o Each orbital has 2 electrons CHEMICAL BONDS COVALENT BONDS o sharing electrons o Very durable bond o Both atoms full shells o electroneg strongly it pulls shared electrons towards itself o Ex Oxygen POLAR COVALENT BOND o The electrons spend more time with the higher electroneg atom NON POLAR COVALENT BOND SINGLE BOND MOLECULE DOUBLE BOND VALENCE ELECTRONEGATIVITY o Same electroneg ION CATION o Missing electrons ANION o Extra electrons IONIC BOND IONIC COMPOUND HYDROGEN BOND o Highly polar configuration VAN DER WAALS INTERACTION o Electrons are not always symmetrically dist in a molecule w nonpolar covalent bonds w neg pos charged regions SHAPE CORRELATES W FUNCTION Molecules bind temporarily to each other forming weak bonds if their shapes are complimentary Ex Opiates CHEMICAL REACTIONS o All chemical reactions are reversible w the product of the forward reaction becoming the reactants for the reverse reaction o concentration of reactant opport to react and form products o product reverse reaction CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM o DOES NOT MEAN THE REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS ARE EQUAL IN CONCENTRATION ONLY THAT THE CONCENTRATIONS HAVE STABILIZED AT A PARTICULAR RATIO CHAPTER THREE WATER AND LIFE POLAR MOLECULE o Slightly pos H is attracted to slightly neg O o Molecules held together by a H bond o Water molecules stay close together as a result of H bonds PROPERTIES OF WATER COHESION ADHESION SURFACE TENSION POLARITY HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION EVAPORATIVE COOLING WATER ABSORBS HEAT WATER STORES AND RELEASES HEAT WATER MOLECULES DO NOT MOVE EASILY ENERGY CALORIE KCALORIE SPECIFIC HEAT o Waters specific heat is higher than most substances o Water changes temp when it abs or loses a given amount of heat o How well a substance resists changing its temp when it absorbs or releases heat o Heat must be absorbed to break down H bonds EVAPORATION WATER DENSER AS A LIQUID SOLUTION SOLVENT SOLUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION HYDRATION CELL HYDROPHILIC o Easily dissolves in water COLLOID HYDROPHOBIC MOLARITY o Nonionic nonpolar does not dissolve in water ACIDS AND BASES the other An H atom participating in an H bond b w 2 water molecules shifts from 1 molecule to H atom leaves its electron behind a H ion is transferred proton charge of 1 The water molecule that lost a proton is now an OH w charge of 1 Proton binds to the other water molecule THIS IS A REVERSIBLE REACTION THAT REACHES A STATE OF DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM WHEN WATER MOLECULES DISSOCIATE AT THE SAME RATE THEY ARE BEING REFORMED FROM H TO OH ACID BASE Increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution Reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution pH scale product of H and OH neutral H 7 OH 7 10 14 acid H 5 OH 9 10 14 base H 9 OH 5 10 14 BUFFERS o Resists changes in pH o Accepts hydrogen atoms from the solution when they are in excess and donate hydrogen atoms from the solution when they have been depleted


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UMD BSCI 105 - Biology – the study of life

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