BIO 446L 1nd Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 18 29 Lecture 18 March 5th Endocrine System Endocrine System Hormones o Know classifications o Know hormones chemical class gland action Pituitary gland o Posterior pituitary is extension of hypothalamus Know hormones associated with o Anterior pituitary is derived as up pocketing of roof of mouth Know the hormones associated with Negative feedback Hypothalamic hormones o Know the hormones and their pathway Adrenal cortex o Know the cell layers of the cortex what they secrete and what the stimuli are o Know the Mas of Cushing disease Adison disease long term steroid use Lecture 19 March 7th Endocrine System Adrenal medulla o Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine o Know the stimulation o Plump secretory cells o Derived from neurocrest and migrates to center of adrenal gland o Big sinusoid picks up epi and NE Pancreas o Secretes into small intestine o Islet cells o Beta cells alpha cells delta cells peptide cells Know what they secrete and the effect o Know the stimuli for hormone secretion o Diabetes mellitus Differentiate between Type I and Type II Know the symptoms EXTRA CREDIT ON TEST come with 2 additional symptoms of diabetes Thyroid gland o Highly vascular o Secretes T3 and T4 Know how they are synthesized Stimuli is TSH o C cells secrete calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels and inhibits breakdown of bone matric o Cilia to increase surface area Parathyroid gland o Target in bone o Blood calcium levels and muscle function Lecture 20 March 17 Circulatory System the heart o right and left atrium and ventricle left side ventricle wall is thickest o know the locations of each of the four valves and when they open and close Right AV tricuspid three cusps Left AV bicuspid AKA mitral two cusps Papillary muscles muscular anchors Tendonous cords support leaflets of valves Diastole AV opens blood flows through Systole pressure build up in muscular wall causes backflow of blood into valve leaflets and valves close to prevent further backflow o mediastinum cavity of the body where heart is located o orientation top of heart is flat base bottom is pointed apex o blood flow know why blood flows Superior vena cava inferior vena cava and aortic sinus right atrium tricuspid AV right ventricle pulmonary SL pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid mitral AV left ventricle aortic SL aorta body o know the structure of the fibrous skeleton o conducting system autorhythmic know the pacemaker cells and the order of conduction SA node atria muscle cells depolarize AV node through AV bundle tunnel AV bundle branches left and right apex of ventricular septum Purkinje fibers depolarization of ventricular muscles o Innervation Parasympathetic dorsal motor nucleus of vagus vagus nerve SA node and AV node Sympathetic ventral root sympathetic ganglion SA node AV node and cardiac muscle o Hear wall layers Similar to what we ve seen endo subendo epi peri myo cardium Epicardium has visceral and parietal o Know difference Lecture 21 March 19 Circulatory System and Blood Vessels Know artery and vein names Branches of aorta o Coronary subclavian carotid common carotid Vascular system o Pulmonary vs systemic circulation o Vascular beds in parallel o Vascular tunics Tunica intima tunica media adventitia vasa vasorum Know what composes each Microcirculation arteries and capillaries o Know differences between arterioles capillaries venules and veins o Capillaries continuous fenestrated sinusoid Know differences Lecture 22 March 21 Circulatory System the Blood Components of blood o Plasma erythrocytes buffy coat platelets and WBCs Know name for having too many or too few Erythrocytes o biconcave disks o mediated by spectrin and ankyrin know functions of each o no nucleus or extracellular components o integral proteins know which o know definition of anemia polycythemia sickle cell anemia leukocytes o granules can be azurophillic and specific o diapedesis chemotaxis o neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes monocytes know qualities like size granules nucleus size cell shape function thrombocytes o platelets cell fragments o know composition and what quality makes them sticky Lecture 23 March 23 Blood and the Immune system Blood hemopoiesis o process by which RBCs are produced in red bone marrow know where this process occurs o know the process of homopoiesis erythropoiesis know what pluripotent stem cells are o erythropoietin colony stimulating RBCs o low O2 is a stimulus for production leucopoiesis o granulopoiesis azurophillic then specific granules know first committed cell o neutrophils know qualities band cells immature neutrophils know what left shift means thrombopoiesis o megakaryoblast chromosomes divide without cytokinesis so are polyploidy Immune System lymph watery fluid of the immune system lymph vessels o start in periphery and lymph flows to heart where it is recirculated o punctuated by lymph nodes immune surveillance o know the components of lymph tissue antigen presenting cells antigen must be present to lymph cell to be recognized and thus induce an immune response o B lymphocytes o Macrophages o Follicular dendritic cell Lymphoid nodules o Epithelial reticular cells Thymus Reticular fiber matrix o Composed of loose connective tissue free or enclosed o Germinal centers Antibodies are receptors T lymphocytes are killers Lecture 24 March 26 Immune System Lymphocytes o Regulatory lymphocytes produced in bone marrow B T and NK o B and T cells Know what na ve cells are T cells know function CD4 helper and CD8 cytotoxic B cells know function o NK cells Less specific tend to attack bacteria and cancer cells Lymphoid nodules primarily B lymph also some helper T cells o Cells become activated in germinal centers na ve B cells are presented with antigens at lymphoid nodules in concert with helper T recognition causes na ve B cell receptors to alter gene expression of receptors to be specific to the antigen thymus gland o cortex and medulla o know developmental process for T cells o positive selection in cortex know process o negative selection know process o MALT component found in lymphoid tissue of dendritic cells B cells IgA cells APCs and lymphoid nodules Know process occurring here Lymph nodes o Only structure that filters lymph o Know the structure and location of B and T cells Spleen o Filters blood o Red pulp and white pulp o Blood sampled from trabecular artery and goes to central arteriole Foreign