BIO 446L 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. Immune System contda. Lymphocytesi. B, T, and NKii. Lymphoid nodulesb. Thymus glandi. T cellsc. Lymph nodesi. Cortex and paracortexd. Spleeni. Red and white pulpii. Stave cellse. MHC’si. MHC Iii. MHC IIf. Immune responsei. Co-stimulation of T cellsii. Co-stimulation of B cellsOutline of Current Lecture I. Immune System Contda. Co-stimulation of b cellsb. AntibodiesII. Respiratory Systema. Anatomyb. Pleural membranei. Visceralii. ParietalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Nasal cavaties and olfactory epitheliumi. Structure and functionsd. Anatomy of respiratory epitheliume. Larynxf. Tracheag. Bronchial tree and lungsh. bronchiolesCurrent LectureImmune System contd- co-stimulation of b cellso antigen presented with MHC IIo cytotoxic T cells release cytokines (IL-4)o b cell differentiates into plasma cells that produce antibodies and memory cells that remember the antigen and the response so that the co-stimulation process does not have to occur again- antibodieso know classeso binding of antibody with antigen has 3 causes neutralization aggulination precipitationo three mechanisms complement fixation opsonization activation of NK cellsRespiratory system- anatomyo we need oxygen for oxidative phosphorylationo upper respiratory tract nasal cavity pharynxo lower respiratory tract larynx lungso conducting zone all structures from pharynx bronchioleso respiratory zone respiratory bronchioles in lungs, alveolar ducts and sacs- pleural membraneo critical to effective breathingo continuous 2 layer serous membrane simple squamous mesothelia parietal layer—attached to thorax wall and diaphragm visceral layer—attached to stroma (lung tissue) pressure difference helps lungs expand and retract- parietal—want to move out- visceral—want to move ino blood and lymph vessels present- nasal cavities and olfactory epitheliumo organ of smell—epithelial lining the nasal cavity olfactory epithelium—pseudostratified ciliated squamous epithelium- mucosa—secreted by glands of lamina propia- neurons with chemoreceptors—chemicals need to be dissolved and lubricated by mucosa first, then perception of chemicals by receptors allows smell- most cells are hair cellso bipolar neurons axons extend through lamina propia to cribiform plate of ethmoid bone and into olfactory bulb olfactory tract olfactory cortex- basal cells are stem cells- supporting cellso microvilli extending into mucosa some neurons to primary olfactory cortex some neurons to limbic system- memory and emotion- anatomy of the respiratory epitheliumo ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells move particles to pharynx where they can be expelledo goblet cells secrete mucus traps particleso cilia—moves particleso brush cells—chemosensitive moves chemicals stuck in ciliao small granule cells—endocrine secrete serotonino basal cells—stem cells large basal layero lamina propia—blood and lymph vessels (MALT)o smoking smoke and chemicals get stuck in cilia can cause a change in expression so that epithelia becomes stratified and nonciliated- larynxo ventricle—vocal folds highly populated with MALTo vocal cords—thinner, simple squamous epithelia becomes psuedostratified againo muscles that move vocal cords to make sound- tracheao C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings Allows food to pass into esophaguso Trachealis muscle and elastic connective tissue Allows you to cough by constrictingo Gland cells—serous-mucuso Pericondrium- Bronchial tree and lungo Lung tissue—looks like adipose but filled with air rather than fato Smooth muscleo Cartilage—continuouso Branches get smaller and smaller Primary bronchus secondary tertiary bronchioles terminal bronchioles Gradually less cartilage (in plates) and more smooth muscleo Lamina propia with MALT Loaded with lymphocytes and mucus membranes- Bronchioleso Diameter decreases, no cartilage, more smooth muscle, fibroelastic connective tissue supports passagewayo Small terminal bronchiole Prominent smooth muscle and sit of resistance, sensitive to presence of chemicals, can constrict/dilate smooth muscle (like arterioles)o Clara cells—nonciliated, secrete surfactant Reduce fluid surface tension Protective—secrete IDA- To protect against
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