BIO 446L 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Histology Methods a. Staini. H and E and PASb. Fluorescence and immunofluorescencec. Phase contrast and differential interfaced. Polarized lighte. Confocal microscopyf. Immunohistochemistryg. Electron microscopyi. TEM and SEMOutline of Current Lecture I. Membranea. The plasma membraneb. Movement acrossII. Major Organellesa. ribosomesb. Endoplasmic reticulumc. Golgi apparatusd. Cell granulesi. Zymogenii. Lysosomeiii. Proteosomeiv. PerioxisomeIII. Cytoskeletona. Microtubulesb. Microfilamentsc. Intermediate filamentsIV. Nucleus and nuclear envelopea. Chromatin and chromosomesb. nucleolusCurrent LectureMembraneThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- plasma membraneo composed of lipid bilayero lipid rats inhibit protein mobility, stabilizing factoro ligand-gated channels ligand opens channel when it binds to allow another molecule througho secondary messengers- movement across the membraneo exocytosis how most hormones and neurotransmitters are secretedo receptor proteinso clathrin coated vesiclesMajor Organelles- ribosomeso protein synthesiso ERAD= endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation Via ubiquitination and degradation by the proteosome- Endoplasmic reticulumo Less ER when less needed for protein synthesiso Rough (ribosomes bound) or smooth o Different amounts present in different cell types, depending on their need for proteins- Golgi apparatuso Center for transport Vesicles fuse with the golgi at the cis face Vesicles bud off from the golgi at the trans face- Cell granuleso Zymogen= secretory enzymeo Lysosome= enzyme that breaks things downo Proteosome= breaks down proteinso Perioxisome= oxidizes lipidsThe cytoskeleton- Microtubuleso Dynamic instability= quick assembly and reassemblyo Polymers of alpha and beta tubulino MTOC= microtubule organizing center Centrioleso Cilia and flagella are microtubuleso Form transport trackso Kinesin and dyenins are motor proteins that allow movement along microtubules- Microfilamentso Dynamic instabilityo Polymers assembled from two strands of globular actino Actin and myosin allow movemento Actin= important to movement, endocytosis, exocytosis, movement during mitosis- Intermediate filamentso Very stableo Anchoring proteinso Line the nuclear laminao Tissue-specificThe Nucleus- Nuclear lamina= composed of lamin, intermediate filament that composes the lamina- Nuclear pores= channels specific to transport across the nucleus- Chromatin and chromosomeso Euchromatin= loosely packed, accessible DNAo Heterochromatin= tightly packed- Nucleolus= nuclear organizing regiono Where ribosomes begin to be
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