BIO 446L 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 - 17*See Lecture 17 for clarifications and tips regarding on Dr. Hine’s Study guideLecture 9 (February 10) Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue- Typeso Know cell traits and similarities and differences between other typeso Skeletal Innervated by somatic motor neurons, voluntaryo Cardiac Innervated by autonomic neurons, involuntaryo Smooth Innervated by autonomic neurons, involuntary- Skeletal muscleo Develops from myoblast myotubeso Know organization—epimysium, endomysium, perimysium, etc.o Sarcomere—one is the segment between two z disks Know organization—i.e. what/where/interaction between actin and myosin, A band, I band, Z disk, M line, H zoneo Know differences between actin and myosin (structure and function)o Know function of tropomyosin and troponin Also interaction between ATP and calcium (more on this below)o Neuromuscular junction Somatic motor neuron junction to sarcolemma of muscle fiber Know process: DepolarizesAction potential calcium is released and begins actin/myosin interaction- Calcium binds to troponin to release tropomyosin- Heads of myosin can then bind with actincontraction  ATP binds to myosin head to release actino Know difference between fast and slow twitch muscle fibers- Cardiac muscleo Know function and composition of intercalated disks Also know how to recognize in micrographo All cells contract almost simultaneously, no neuromuscular junction, no satellite cells- Smooth muscleo Know where to find smooth muscleo Many different planes of contractiono Organized into strands/sheetsLecture 10 (February 12) Musculoskeletal System 1 and 2Musculoskeletal System 1- Axial vs. appendicular skeleton- Know major bones of the skull- Sternoclavicular joint is the only joint between the axial and upper appendicular skeleton and is lines with hyaline cartilage- Bone connected to bone with ligaments- Know the difference and examples of long, short, irregular (and sesamoid), and flat bones- Know bone markings and purpose (head, neck, body, process, foramen, etc.)- Superficial muscle structureo Muscle connected to bone with tendonso Length of muscle includes the tendono Know major muscles and muscle shapeso aponeuroses= large, sheet-like tendon attached to abdomen muscles and muscles over the head, as well as down the leg- muscle movementso shortening of sarcomereo pull, never pusho know definition and difference of isometric, isotonic, and eccentric contraction- muscle contractiono neuromuscular junction process (as mentioned above) occurs Ach receptor is ligand gated Na channelo Nerve fibers make contact with different muscle fibers with the correct motor unitsMusculoskeletal System 2- Know the bones of the shoulder joint and the markings found on these bones (and their purpose in movement)- Know innervation of the shouldero Brachial plexiso Know which nerves supply which muscles- Movement at glenohumeral (shoulder) jointo Know which scapulohumeral intrinsic muscle that does NOT participate in rotationo Suprascapular and axillary—know brancheso Know muscles and responsible movements of the joint- Deltoid muscles—nonintrinsico Shoulder movemento Know the 3 sections—medial, anterior, posterior- Teres major muscles—nonintrinsico Know movement- Rotator cuff muscleso Know movement and tendons (SITS)Lecture 11 (February 14) Joints and MovementJoints and Movement- Diarthrosis vs. amphiarthrosis vs. synarthrosis- Synarthrosis—know definitions of synostosis, synchondrosis, syndesmosis, and sympheses- Intervertebral disko Articular cartilage, gelatinous material in nuclear proposes, cushions- Diarthrosiso Cartilage on end of both bones od joint Note that cartilage will not regenerateo Synovial joints Know where to find and planes of movement (uniaxial, diaxial, multiaxial) of pivot, ball and socket, hinge, acromioclavicular, condyloid, saddle. joints- Know how each joint worksLecture 12 (February 17) Nervous TissueNervous Tissue- Derived from ectoderm- Important distinctions between vocabularyo Neuron= nerve cello Glial= support cells in the brain for the nerveso Axon= processes extending from cell bodyo Central nervous system= brain and spinal cord Nuclei(nerves)= clusters of neuron cell bodies Tracts= bundles of axonso Peripheral Nervous System= Cranial spinal nerves and ganglia Ganglia= clusters of cell bodies- Compare to nuclei of CNS Nerves= bundles of axons- Compare to tracts of CNSo Afferent (incoming sensory) vs. efferent (outgoing motor and autonomic)- Central Nervous Systemo Brain and spinal cordo Sulci and gyri (hills and valleys)o Know location of lobes of the braino Anterior and posterior horn Gray matter in center of spinal cord—dorsal root ganglion White matter surroundingo Gray matter of brain on outer edge—cerebral cortex White matter is the tractso Know components of the meninges Dura mater, arachnoid mater, subdural mater, pia matero Epidural space of spine- Neuronso Know differences between multipolar, unipolar, and bipolaro Know function of dendrites, axons, myelin, axon hillock- Understand synapseso Understand membrane potential (difference in voltage), threshold, and action potential (along with depolarization and repolarization events)Lecture 13 (February 19) Nervous Tissue and Nerve PathwaysNervous Tissue- Peripheral Nervous Systemo Organization Similar as in muscle, know definitions of epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium Includes reticular fibero Small nerves and ganglia Fewer axons, lots of reticular fiber, loosero Glial cells Know types and function- Oligodendrocytes, neurolemmocytes, astrocytes, microganglia, apendymal- Nerve regenerationo Know process and note that it is very slowNerve Pathways- Motor pathwayso Upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons, which then extend to targeto Upper motor neurons extend in tracts in the white matter May cross over at medulla or spineo Lower motor neurons= cell bodies in CNS, axon in PNS From gray matter, once at spinal cord region of “interest” will extend to neuromuscular junction at targeto Indirect motor pathways—important in balance, smooth movements, reflex to sight and sound stimuliLecture 14 (February 21) Somatic Sensory and Autonomic Nervous System Spinal Cord Injuries- cervical—quadriplegia- thoracic—paraplegia(waist down)- sacral—paraplegia (hips down)Somatic Sensory Pathways- begins in PNS and