BIO 446L 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 7Chapters 1-8*know relevant MA’s for each topic discussedLecture 1-- Histology (January 13)Histology Methods- Embedding, fixation, sectioning, staining- Know what you can see in H &E versus PAS staino know examples of structures that are basophilic/acidophilic with light microscopyand H&E stain- Recognize the difference between SEM, TEM, phase contrast, brightfield, fluorescence o Know the structures you can see with eacho know which types of microscopy are best for viewing certain structuresLecture 2—Major Cell Components (January 15)Membrane- know the components of the plasma membrane and their function- know the mechanisms for movement across a membraneOrganelles- know the functions ofo ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, cell granulesCytoskeleton- microtubules, microfilaments, ad intermediate filamentso know the differences between them (i.e. strength, function, stability (dynamic or not), motor proteins used by each)Nucleus- function and composition of the nuclear lamina and nuclear pores- chromomes and chromatidso euchromatin versus heterochromatino know relevant positions and state during meiosis and mitosisLecture 3—Epithelial Tissue Part 1Epithelial Tissue- secrete and absorb- know difference between apical and basolateral- myoepithelial= contractile - know the components of the basal lamina and basement membraneo hemidesmosomeso electron dense layero reticular lamina- intercellular/lateral surface connectionso know location and function of tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosome, occluding, aquaporins, cadherin, catenin, gap junctions (connexin)- apical surfaceo know structure and function of microvilli and cilia- interdigitations= lateralo know functionLecture 4—Epithelial Part 2 and Connective Part 1 (January 17)Epithelial Contd- differentiate between simple and stratified and squamous, cuboidal, and columnar- glandular epitheliao differentiate between exocrine, endocrineo secretory patterns—merocrine, holocrine, and apocrineo secretions—serum and mucuso unicellular glandsConnective Tissue- all are derived from embryonic mesenchyme- fibroblasts vs. fibrocyteso know the differences and active vs. inactive- macrophageso monocyte derived from bone marrowo phagocytes- mast cellso stain darkly—know whyo know function and understand anaphylaxis- plasma cells and leukocyteso know functionso understand diapedesis chemotaxisLecture 5—Connective Part 2 (January 27)Connective Tissue continued- collageno know where to predominantly find different typeso know the general stages of synthesiso structure—alpha chain triple helixo compose the ECF- reticular fiberso composed of collagen (Type III)o know why it stains darkly- elastic fiberso fibrillin and elastin—know their function- ground substanceo heavily hydrated—know function of thiso GAGs, proteoglycan, multi-adhesive glycoporiteins Know composition and function of each- Types of connective tissueo Differentiate (in micrograms and conceptually) loose connective, sense irregular, dense regular, reticular Know locations in the body of each- Tissues that are connective (thus also originating from embryonic mesenchyme)o Adipose, cartilage, and boneAdipose Tissue- Major regulator of metabolism and energy storage- Leptin—know function- Brown fat versus white fato Composition of cell and storage of triglycerideo Know why they stain blacko Subcutaneous versus visceral fatLecture 6—Adipose Part 2, Cartilage, and Bone Part 1 (January 29)Adipose Tissue Continued- Know how fat is storedo Know function of chylomicrons, insulin, norepinephrine, growth hormone, and glucagonCartilage- Stress absorption and friction reduction- Know arrangement (and differentiate in a microgram) of chondroblasts, chondrocytes, lacunae, perichondrium- Types (know functions and where found in the body)o Hyaline Know articular cartilage Composed of collagen type II, proteoglycan, multi-adhesive glycoprotein, chondronectino Fibrocartilage Type I collagen Dense No distinguishable perochondriumo Elastic cartilage Collagen type II and elastic fibers- Chondrogenesiso Know the stages Interstitial vs. appositional growthBone Tissue- Know the function and differences between osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclastso Active and inactive- Know composition of matrix- Know composition of compact boneo Connective tissue layers—periosteum and endosteum Know composition of each and osteons- Know composition of spongy boneo TrabecularLecture 7—Bone Tissue Part 2 (January 31)Bone Tissue Continued- Osteocyteso Know function and how they communicate and receive nutrients Gap junction Canaliculi- Osteoclastso Know functiono Monocytes in bone marrowo Regulated by calcitonin and PTH Know their functions- Bone formationo Woven and lamellar- Know steps for bone repair and remodeling—blood clots- Osteogenesiso Intramembranous versus endochondral Know which bones are formed in each and the mechanism for bone formation in each- Interstitial bone growth—epiphyseal plate- Regulation of bone metabolismo By PTH, calcitonin, and growth