Chapter 1 Five key themes Internationalization Liberalization Universalization Westernization deterritorialization benefits of globalization increased spread of production diffusion of ideas technological important growth and expansion increased economic activity job creation rise of global brands increased understanding of the world criticism of globalization decline in the power of national governments polarization of the world in favor of stronger economics negative impact in local communities imitation of western environment degradation The influence of globalization on tourism Tourism is one of the worlds largest multinational economic activities It involves the greatest flow of goods services and people worldwide New opportunities are o Electronic technology o Communication o Transportation o Websites luxuries Forms and examples of globalization in tourism Formation of international alliances in the airline industry Hotel cooperation franchising Tour operators forms partnerships A new type of tourism Before tourism demanded mass produced items Today tourist are o more globally oriented o depend on information technology o desire for safety o balance between career and family responsible green sustainable values community culture ecology education family safety and security Globalization and culture the emergence of globalized consumer culture High desire for material possessions High levels od consumption a symbol of good life Global consumer and global products Consumers have become increasingly similar in their behavior Eat the same food wear the same brands watch the same TV program Disappearance of local cultures it is argued that global consumption patterns and global consumers to do exist consumption patterns may be globalized if everyone were to adopt others way of life culture homogenization globalization leads to cultural homogenization similar products consumed throughout the world o McDonalization o cococolonization o two brand like Coca Cola and McDonald s are world wide brands everyone can relate to They contribute to the Homogenization product standardization or customization Consumer purchasing patterns becoming similar Emergence of global consumers Cultural Heterogenization Increasing emphasis on local cultural elements o Language o education o religion o tradition o art cultural convergence or divergence Tow theories Because of globalization the planer is getting smaller and the cultures are The glow of goods asses and knowledge are directed toward main centers of converging capital Cultural hybridization The incorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular culture transformed into a new form in order to sell IT cultural artifacts cultural practices Allows the combination of two identities Cultural commoditization cultural deterioration loss adaption or change Increasing contact between peoples Communities change their local values and traditions authentic elements disappear is consumerism a bad thing or tourism does not necessarily have to destroy culture creates high demand for cultural preservation globalization and disappearance of local identity globalization can destroy socio cultural identity farms and fishing villages converted into tourism resorts resistance to cultural change and emergence of local identity local resistance to globalization ids in progress in Europe European countries have not lost their identities Glocalization blend of globalization and localization relationship between global and the local local internationalization and regional cooperation may promote direct investment lower transportation costs and distribution cost north American is a free trade agreement benefits and limitations of globalization in tourism has increased trade capital generated growth created jobs and boosted development However it has polarized the world developing countries have little influence challenges of globalization in tourism businesses operating in different countries must adapt to local environment communication difficulties Difference in cultures Political economic and legal practices The Future of Globalization American consumerism has changed values and patterns of people The American film industry has generated an identity crisis among poor nations The world must represent and accept western and non western cultures it must be multicultural Chapter 4 Erosion of local cultures Many societies experience erosion with the increase in international travel Cultural commoditization and transformation Traditional culture is being packaged and treated as a commodity for sale Local culture is commercially exploited and the tight of local to their heritage culture is lost wordily culture hostility cultural arrogance a form of cultural rejection or denial often associated with anger and aggression they refuse to accept others view of the world host populations stage cultural experiences to compensate tourists for the lack f real experience backstage areas is where local a continue with their traditions authenticity of tourism experience pseudo artifacts that are produced and commoditized inauthentic product are crested tourists ate often willing to perceive the product as being authentic renaissance of traditional art forms rejuvenation of art and crafts revival od original traditions marketing of culture and violation of rights to own cultural heritage traditional culture is treated as a commodity local lose their rights culture is turned into a paid performance culture change occurs as result of o evolutionary change within society o the way people live o contact between societies the spread of cultural elements such as occurs when two culture come into contact and borrow each others traditions customs and values a temporary and random cultural change behavior may change temporarily for the duration of the tourists visit or brought abut though education and technology occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contact individuals may maintain their culture of origin while gaining characteristics of others adaptation od elements of other culture to meet the tourist needs locals change their behavior and attitude four different stages tourists go through replacement of one sit of cultural traits by another the leaning of what is contained in a culture learning the accepted norms and values and also the language culture diffusion o ideas o styles o food o religion o technologies cultural borrowing cultural
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