Exam 6 Ch 1 4 5 7 9 15 Exam on April 19th Not Cumulative Final CH 1 Globalization Tourism and Culture Five Key Definitions 1 Internationalization 2 Liberalization breaks down barriers Deals with U S and Canada Mexica 3 Universalization Spreading technology and finances across the world 4 Westernization Transforming economies to be like United States 5 Deterritorialization Move the boundaries geography Benefits of Globalization Increased spread of production Diffusion of ideas Growth and expansion Technological improvements Increased economic activity Job Creation Rise of Global brands Increased understanding of the world Criticism of Globalization Decline in the power of national governments Polarization of the world in favor of stronger economies Negative impact in local communities Imitation of western culture Environmental degradation Globalization and the Tourism Industry Tourism is one of the world s largest multinational economic activities It involves the greatest flow of goods services and people in the world The Influence of Globalization on Tourism New Opportunities Electronic technology Communication Transportation Sophisticated Web Sites Forms and Examples of Globalization in Tourism Formation of International alliances in the airline industry Hotel cooperation Franchising Tour operators forms partnerships A new type of Tourist Before tourists demanded mass produced items Today s Tourist Are More globally oriented Depend on information technology Desire for safety Balance between career and family Responsible green sustainable Values Community culture ecology education family safety and security The Emergence of Globalization Consumer Culture High desire for material possessions High levels of consumption a symbol of good life Global Consumer and Global Products Consumers have become increasingly similar in their behavior Eat same food wear the same brands watch the same T V programs Disappearance of Local Cultures It is argued that global consumption patterns and global consumers to do exist Consumption patterns may be globalized if everyone were to adopt others way of life Homogenization to make the same equal Similar products consumed throughout the world McDonaldization Cocacolonization Product Standardization or Customization Consumer purchasing patterns become similar Emergence of global consumers U S ultimate example of homogeneous country Cultural Heterogenization Increasing emphasis on local cultural elements Going back to old ways Language Education Religion Tradition Art Two Theories 1 Planet is getting smaller and cultures ae converging because of globalization 2 The flow of goods assets and knowledge are directed toward main centers Cultural Hybridization The incorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular practices Allows the combination of two identities Culture transformed into a new form in order to sell IT Cultural Commodization Cultural artifacts Cultural Deterioration Loss Adaption or Change Increasing contact between people Communities change their local values and traditions Authentic elements disappear Is Consumerism a bad thing for tourism Does not necessarily have to destroy culture Creates high demand for cultural preservation Globalization and Disappearance of Local Identity Globalization can destroy socio cultural identity Farms and fishing villages converted into tourist resorts Resistance to Cultural Change and Emergence of Local Identity Local resistance to globalization is in progress in Europe European countries have not lost their identities Glocalization He said to remember this Blend of globalization and localization Relationship between the global and the local Regional Cooperation May promote direct investment lower transportation costs and distribution costs North American Free Trade Agreement Benefits to Tourism Has increased trade capital growth created jobs and boosted development However it has polarized the world Developing countries have little influence Challenges of Globalization Communication difficulties Business operating in different countries must adapt to local government Different Cultures Political Economic and legal practices The Future of Globalization American Consumerism has changed values and patterns of people The American film industry has generated an identity crisis among poor nations The world must represent and accept western and non western cultures it must be multicultural Review Ch 1 Know Five Key Definitions Benefits of globalization Criticism of globalization How globalization is impacting tourism How new culture has developed and the impact on local cultures Heterogeneous Homogeneous and Hybrid cultures Chapter 4 Cultural Practices and Tourism impacts on culture Erosion of Local Cultures Many societies experience erosion with the increase in international travel Cultural Commoditization and Transformation Traditional culture is being packaged and treated as a commodity Local culture is commercially exploited and the rights of locals to own their heritage is lost A form of cultural rejection or denial often associated with anger and aggression They refuse to accept other s view of the world Cultural Hospitality Cultural Arrogance Host populations stage cultural experiences to compensate tourists for the lack of real experience Backstage areas is where locals continue with their traditions Authenticity of Tourism Experiences Pseudo Artifacts that are produced and commoditized Inauthentic products are created Tourists are often willing to perceive the products as being authentic Renaissance of Traditional Art Forms Rejuvenation of Arts and Crafts Revival of Original traditions Marketing of Culture and Violation of rights to own cultural heritage Traditional culture is treated as a commodity Locals lose their rights Culture is turned into a paid society Cultures Change Evolutionary changes within society The way people live Contact between societies Culture Diffusion The spread of cultural elements such as Ideas Styles Food Religion Technologies Cultural Borrowing Occurs when two cultures come into contact and borrow each other s traditions customs and values Cultural Drift Language A temporary and random culture change Behavior may change temporarily for the duration of the tourists visit or brought about through education and technology Acculturation Occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contact Individuals may maintain their culture of origin
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