Test #6 Study Guide- The Concept and Roots of Globalizationo Five Key Definitions: Internationalization Liberalization Universalization Westernization Deterritorialization- Benefits of Globalizationo Increased spread of productiono Diffusion of ideaso Technological improvementso Growth and expansiono Increased economic activityo Job creationo Rise of global brandso Increased understanding of the world- Criticism of Globalizationo Decline in the power of national governmentso Polarization of the world in favor of stronger economieso Negative impact in local communitieso Imitation of western cultureo Environmental degradation- Globalization and the Tourism Industryo Tourism is one of the world’s largest multinational economic activities o It involves the greatest flow of goods, services and people in the world- The Influence of Globalization on Tourismo New Opportunities: Electronic technology Communication Transportation Sophisticated web sites- Forms and Examples of Globalization in Tourismo Formation of International alliances in the airline industryo Hotel cooperation – Franchising o Tour operators forms partnerships- A New Type of Touristo Before tourists demanded mass produced itemso Today tourists are: More globally oriented Depend on information technology Desire for safety Balance between career and familyo Responsible, green, sustainableo Values: Community, culture, ecology, education, family, safety and security - Globalization and culture: The emergence of globalized consumerculture?o High desire for material possessionso High levels of consumption – a symbol of good life- Global consumer and global products?o Consumers have become increasingly similar in their behavioro Eat the same food, wear the same brands, watch the same T.V. programs- Disappearance of Local Cultureso It is argued that local consumption patterns and global consumers too do exist o Consumption patterns may be globalized if everyone were to adopt others way of life- Culture Homogenizationo Globalization leads to cultural homogenizationo Similar products consumed throughout the world “McDonaldization” “Cocacolonization”- Product standardization or customization?o Consumer purchasing patterns becoming similar o Emergence of global consumerso U.S. ultimate example of homogeneous country- Cultural heterogenization?o Increasing emphasis on local cultural elements Language Education Religion Tradition Art- Cultural convergence or divergence?o Two theories: Because of globalization, the planet is getting smaller and the cultures are converging The flow of goods, assets, and knowledge are directed toward main centers of capital- Cultural Hybridizationo The incorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular cultural practiceso Allows the combination of two identities- Cultural Commoditizationo Culture transformed into a new form in order to sell IT Cultural artifacts- Cultural Deterioration, Loss, Adaption or Change?o Increasing contact between peopleso Communities change their local values and traditionso Authentic elements disappear- Is Consumerism a Bad Thing for Tourism?o Does not necessarily have to destroy cultureo Creates high demand for cultural preservation- Globalization and Disappearance of Local Identityo Globalization can destroy socio-cultural identityo Farms and fishing villages converted into tourism resorts- Glocalizationo Blend of globalization and localizationo Relationship between global and the local- Local Internationalization and Regional Cooperationo May promote direct investment, lower transportation costs and distribution costso North America free trade agreement- Benefits and Limitations of Globalization in Tourismo Has increased trade, capital, generated growth, created jobsand boosted developmento However, it has polarized the world. Developing countries have little influence- Challenges of globalization in tourismo Businesses operating in different countries must adapt to local environmento Communication difficultieso Different cultureso Political, economic and legal practices- The Future of Globalization: Americanization of Culture, Cosmopolitan Culture, Cultural Hybridization, Cultural Disappearance or Cultural Clasho American consumerism has changed values and patterns of peopleo The American film industry has generated an identity crisis among poor nationso The world must represent and accept western and non western cultures – it must be multicultural- Erosion of local cultureso Many societies experience erosion with the increase in international travel- Cultural commoditization and transformationo Traditional culture is being packaged and treated as a commodity for saleo Local culture is commercially exploited and the right of locals to own their heritage is lost- Cultural hostilityo A form of cultural rejection or denial often associated with anger and aggressiono They refuse to accept other’s view of the world- Cultural arroganceo Host population stage cultural experiences to compensate tourists for the lack of real experienceo Backstage areas is where locals continue with their traditions- Authenticity of tourism experienceso Pseudo – Artifacts that are produced and commoditizedo Inauthentic products are createdo Tourists are often willing to perceive the products as being authentic- Renaissance of traditional art formso Represented arts and craftso Revival of original traditions- Marketing of culture and violation of rights to own cultural heritageo Traditional culture is treated as a commodityo Locals lose their rightso Cultural is turned into a paid performance- Cultural changeo Occurs as a result of: Evolutionary changes within society The way people live Contact between societies- Cultural diffusiono The spread of cultural elements such as: Ideas Styles Food Religion Technologies- Cultural borrowingo Occurs when two cultures come into contact and borrow each other’s traditions, customs and values- Cultural drifto A temporary and random cultural change Languageo Behavior may change temporarily for the duration of the tourists visit or brought about through education and technology- Acculturationo Occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contacto Individuals may maintain their culture of origin while gaining characteristics of others- Cultural adaptiono Adaption of elements of other cultureso To meet the
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