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HFT 2716 Final ExamChapter 4Concept and Roots of GlobalizationInternationalizationCrossing bordersWorld = more internationalCross border relationsLiberalizationRemoving trade barriersNAFTAEUUniversalizationSpreading ideas and concepts all over the worldWesternizationAmericanization of the worldAmericanizing the economyFood, hotels, etc.DeterritorializationReconfiguring the territoryEUBorders do not existBenefits of globalizationIncreased spread of productionDiffusion of ideasTechnological improvementsGrowth and expansionEconomy grows and expands bc of globalizationLarge flow of goodsIncreased economic activityJob creationRise of global brandsIncreased understanding of the worldCriticisms of globalizationDecline in the power of national governmentsPolarization of the world in stronger economiesNorthern hemisphere= more powerNegative impact in local communitiesImitation of western cultureExpansion of middle classEnvironmental degradationGlobalization and the tourism industryTourism is one of the largest multinational economic activitiesInvolves the greatest flow of goods, services, people, in the world (tourism)*Influence of globalization on tourismNew opportunitiesElectronic technologyCommunicationTransportationSophisticated websitesForms and examples of globalization in tourismFormation of international alliances in the airline industryHotel-cooperation franchisingTour operators form partnershipsNew type of tourismBefore, tourists demanded mass produced itemsToday tourists are:More globally oriented*Depend on information technologyDesire for safetyBalance between career and familyResponsible, green, sustainableValues: community, culture, ecology, education, family, safety, securityGlobalization and culture: the emergence of globalized consumer cultureHigh desire for material possessionsHigh levels of consumption – a symbol of a good lifeGlobal consumers and global productsConsumers have become increasingly similar in their behaviorEat the same food, wear the same brands, watch the same TV programsDisappearance of local culturesIt is argued that global consumption patterns and global consumers do existConsumption patterns may be globalized if everyone were to adopt others way of lifeCulture homogenizationGlobalization leads to cultural homogenizationSimilar products consumed throughout the world“McDonaldization”“Cocacolization”Product standardization or customizationConsumer purchasing patterns become similarEmergence of global consumersU.S. ultimate example of homogenous countryCultural heterogenizationIncreasing emphasis on local cultural elementsLanguageEducationReligionTraditionArtCultural convergence or divergence?Two theories:Globalization is making the planet smaller and cultures are convergingThe flow of goods, assets, and knowledge are directed toward main centers of capital.Cultural hybridizationIncorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular cultural practicesScandinaviansTex MexAllows of the combination of two identitiesCultural commoditizationCulture transformed into a new form in order to sell ITCultural artifactsCultural deterioration, loss, adaptation, or change?Increasing contact between peoplesCommunities change their local values and traditionsAuthentic elements disappearIs consumerism a bad thing for tourism?Does not necessarily have to destroy cultureCreates high demand for cultural preservationGlobalization and disappearance of local identityGlobalization can destroy socio-cultural identityFarms and fishing villages converted into tourism resortsResistance to cultural change and emergence of local identityLocal resistance to globalization is in progress in EuropeEuropean countries have not lost their identities.Cultural hostilityA form of cultural rejection or denial often associate with anger and aggressionThey refuse to accept others view of the worldCultural arroganceHost populations stage cultural experiences to compensate tourists for the lack of real experienceThey refuse to accept other’s views of the worldBackstage areas is where locals continue their traditionsAuthenticity of tourism experiencesPseudo-artifacts that are produced and commoditizedInauthentic products are createdTourists are often willing to perceive products as being authenticRenaissance of traditional art formsRejuvenation of arts and craftsRevival of original traditionsMarketing of culture and violation of rights to own cultural heritageTraditional culture treated as a commodityLocals lose their rightsCulture is turned into paid performanceCulture changeOccurs as a result ofEvolutionary changes within societyThe way people liveContact between societiesCulture diffusion (remember the 5 areas)**Spread of cultural elements such as:1. Ideas2. Styles-how we dress3. Food-Mexico, impacted by American economy; shows a lot of change4. Religion-transferred all over the world5. TechnologiesCultural borrowingOccurs when two cultures come into contact and borrow each other’s traditions, customs, and valuesCultural driftA temporary and random cultural change1. LanguageBehavior may change temporarily for the duration of the tourists visit or brought about through education and technologyAcculturation*Occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contactIndividuals may maintain their culture of origin while gaining characteristics of othersCultural adaptationAdaptation of elements of other culturesTo meet tourist needs locals change their behavior and attitudeCultural adjustmentFour different stages tourists go through1. Honeymoon stageYou love where you are2. Hostility stageThe “I can’t wait till I get home” phaseYou begin to question the place where you areWhy do they do ______?3. IntegrationYou know there’s no way out, so you integrate yourself into the culture4. Home stageNow you like where you are again, and you don't want to go homeCultural assimilationReplacement of one set of cultural traits by another1. How they dress, eat, etc.EnculturationLearning of what is contained in a cultureLearning the accepted norms and values and also the languageDemonstration effectThe effect on behavior of individuals caused by observations of the actions of othersLocal residents adopt the styles and manners of touristsCultural conflictCreated by cultural contactsConflicts arise because people are from different culturesKNOW***Westernization*1. Know what it fully meansBecoming AmericanizedTo convert to the customs of Western


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FSU HFT 2716 - Final Exam

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