HFT 2716 International Travel and Culture Dr Angel Gonzalez Exam 6 Globalization Chapter 1 Five key themes Internationalization Liberalization Universalization Westernization Deterritorialization Benefits of Globalization Increased spread of production Diffusion of ideas Technological improvements Growth and expansion Rise of global brands Increased economic activity Job creation Increased understanding of the world Criticism of Globalization Decline in the power of national governments Polarization of the world in favor of stronger economies Negative impact in local communities Imitation of western culture Environmental degradation Impacts on Tourism Tourism is one of the worlds largest multinational economic activities It involves the greatest flow of goods services and people worldwide New opportunities are Electronic technology Communication Transportation Websites luxuries Examples of Globalizations in Tourism Formation of international alliances in the airline industry Hotel cooperations are now franchising their companies Tour operators form partnerships to develop their brand and global resources Developing a new type of tourist Before tourists demanded mass produced items Today tourist are More globally oriented Depend on information technology Desire for safety Balance between career and family A new type of tourism Responsible green sustainable Values community culture ecology education family safety and security The Emergence of Globalized Consumer Culture High desire for material possessions High levels of consumption a symbol of good lifestyle Consumers have become increasingly similar in their behavior Eat the same food wear the same brands watch same tv shows etc AKA no individuality They argue that local cultures are disappearing It is argued that global consumption patterns and global consumers to do exist Consumption patterns may be globalized if everyone were to adopt other ways of life Culture Homogenization Globalization leads to cultural homogenization Two brands like Coca Cola and McDonald s are worldwide brands everyone Similar products consumed throughout the world McDonalization Cococolonization can relate to They contribute to the Homogenization Product Standardization or Customization Consumer purchasing patterns becoming similar Emergence of global consumers US is the ultimate example of homogeneous country Cultural Convergence or Divergence Two theories converging Because of globalization the planet is getting smaller and the cultures are The flow of goods assets and knowledge are directed towards main centers of the capital Cultural Hybridizations The Incorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular areas of the world Combining two different cultures to become one Culture transformed into a new form in order to sell IT Includes Cultural artifacts Cultural Deterioration Loss Adaption or Change Increasing contact between peoples allowing cultures to bind together Communities change their local values and traditions Authentic elements disappear Is Consumerism a bad thing Its does not have to destroy culture Creates high demand for cultural preservation Globalization can destroy socio cultural identity Farms and fishing villages converted into tourism resorts Glocalization Blend of globalization and localization Relationship between global and local Local Internationalization and Regional Cooperation May promote direct investment lower transportation costs and distribution cost North American is a free trade agreement Benefits and Limitations of Globalization in Tourism Has increased trade capital generated growth created jobs and boosted However it has polarized the world developing countries have little development influence Challenges of Globalization in Tourism Business operating in different countries must adapt to local environments Communication difficulties Difference in cultures Political economic and legal practices The Future of Globalization American consumerism has changed values and patterns of people The American film industry has generated an identity crisis among poor nations The world must represent and accept western and non western cultures it must be multicultural Chapter 4 Cultural practices and tourism impacts on culture Erosion of local cultures Many societies experience erosion with the increase in international travel Cultural Commoditization and Transformation Traditional culture is being packaged and treated as a commodity for sale Local culture is commercially exploited and the rights of locals to own their heritage is lost A form of cultural rejection or denial often associated with anger and They refuse to accept others views of the world Cultural hostility aggression Cultural Arrogance Host populations stage cultural experiences to compensate tourists for the lack of real experience Backstage areas is where locals continue with their traditions Authenticity of Tourism Experiences Pseudo artifacts that are produced and commoditized Tourists are often willing to perceive the products as being authentic Inauthentic products are created Renaissance of Traditional Art Forms Rejuvenation of arts and crafts Could be a revival or original traditions Marketing culture and violation of rights to own cultural heritage Traditional culture is treated as a commodity Culture is turned into a paid performance Locals lose their rights Culture Change Evolutionary changes within society The way people live Contact between societies The spread of cultural elements such as Ideas Styles Food Religion Technologies Cultural Borrowing Cultural Drift Acculturation Occurs when two cultures come into contact and borrow each others traditions customs and values A temporary and random cultural change in language Behavior may change temporarily for the duration of the tourists visit or brought about through education and technology Occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contact Individuals may maintain their culture of origin while gaining characteristics of others Cultural Adaption Adaption of elements of other cultures To meet the tourist needs locals change their behavior and attitude Four stages tourists go through are Honeymoon Hostility Integration Home Stage Cultural Assimilation Replacement of one set of cultural traits by another Enculturation The learning of what is contained in a culture Learning the accepted norms and values and also the language Demonstration Effect The effect on the
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