Lecture 1 CHAPTER 1 1 Hierarchical Levels of Organization Test 1 Vocab a Biosphere the entire portion of Earth inhabited by life the sum of all the planet s ecosystems b Ecosystem all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact one or more communities and the physical environment around them c Community all the organisms that inhabit a particular area an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction d Population consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area e Organism individual living things in a population f Organ organized into organ systems each team of organs that g Tissue made up of a group of cells that work together performing cooperate in a larger function a specialized function h Cell life s fundamental unit of structure and function i Organelle various functional components present in a cell j Molecule two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds 2 DNA double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A C G and T 3 Feedback mechanisms a Negative feedback a form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process in physiology a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change b Positive feedback a form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process in physiology a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change 4 Evolution descent with modification the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present day ones a Change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation 5 Inquiry the search for information and explanation often focusing on specific question 6 Hypothesis a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning a Narrower in scope than a theory 7 Experiment a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery test a hypothesis or demonstrate a known fact 8 Dependent variable a variable often denoted by y whose value 9 depends on that of another Independent variable a variable often denoted by x whose variation does not depend on that of another Lecture 2 CHAPTER 16 12 10 Histone balls of protein that are formed from DNA coiling around it to 11 Chromatin entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building pack into chromosomes material of chromosomes 12 Nucleosome a structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones 13 Sister Chromatid joined copies of the original chromosome that contain identical DNA molecules and makes up the duplicated chromosome 14 Centromere region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid 15 Genome genetic information of a gene DNA 16 Somatic cell all body cells except the reproductive cells 17 Gamete sperm and eggs reproductive cells 18 Mitosis the division of the genetic material in the nucleus a Prophase chromatin fibers coil nucleoli disappear sister chromatids form mitotic spindle begins to form centrosomes move away from each other b Prometaphase nuclear envelope fragments chromosomes become more condensed kinetochore microtubules form c Metaphase centrosomes are at opposite poles chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate kinetochores of sister chromatids attach d Anaphase shortest phase sister chromatids pull apart pulled to opposite ends two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete chromosomes e Telophase two daughter nuclei form in the cell chromosomes become less condensed microtubules depolymerize 19 Meiosis the reproduction of sex cells 20 G1 first gap where no division occurs just growth 21 G2 second gap where no division occurs just growth 22 S phase synthesis only sub phase in which chromosomes are duplicated 23 Cytokinesis the division of the cytoplasm that occurs after mitosis Lecture 3 CHAPTER 28 31 35 40 24 Hyphae a network of tiny filaments in fungi that enhance their ability to grow into and absorb nutrients from their surroundings 25 Mycelium interwoven mass formed from fungal hyphae that infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds 26 Meristem undifferentiated tissues that contribute to indeterminate growth in plants and that divide when conditions permit leading to new cells that can elongate 27 Primary apical meristem located at the tips of roots and shoots and in axillary buds of shoots that provide additional cells that enable growth in length primary growth 28 Secondary lateral meristem causes a growth in thickness extend along the length of roots and stems 29 Root an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil absorbs minerals and water and often stores carbohydrates 30 Root cap covers the tip of the root and protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil during primary growth secretes a polysaccharide slime that lubricates the soil around the tip of the root 31 Node the area from a plant where a stem grows from 32 Tissue a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function 33 Organ consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions 34 Organ system made up of organs that work together in a particular system ex Digestive system root system Lecture 4 CHAPTER 18 35 Operon made up of the operator promoter and the genes they control the entire stretch of DNA required for enzyme production for the tryptophan pathway 36 Operator the switch segment of DNA located between the promoter and the enzyme coding genes controls the access of RNA polymerase to genes 37 Repressor a protein that binds to the operator and blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter preventing transcription of the genes 38 Binding site site at which a protein binds to 39 Promoter where RNA polymerase can bind to DNA and begin transcription 40 Histone Acetylation promotes the folding of chromatin into a more compact structure when this binding does not occur chromatin has a looser structure transcription proteins have easier access to genes in acetylated regions 41 DNA Methylation occurs in most plants animals and fungi essential for long term inactivation of genes that occurs during normal
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