HFT 2716 Test 6 Chapter 1 Five Key Destinations Internationalization cross border 1 2 Liberalization removing trade barriers 3 Universalization spread of experiences 4 Westernization economies becoming Americanized 5 Deterritororialization borders don t exist people moving freely Globalization Not a new phrase Bring and take new ideas Benefits of Globalization Increased speed of production Diffusion of ideas Growth and expansion Technological improvements Criticism of Globalization Polarization of the world in favor of stronger economies Decline in power of national governments Negative impact on local communities Imitation of western culture Environmental degradation Globalization and Tourism Industry Tourism is one of the largest multinational economic activities Involves the greatest flow of goods services and people in the world Fastest growing industry Influence New Opportunities Electronic Technology Communication Forms and Examples Formation of international alliances in the airline industry Hotel cooperation franchising Tour operations form partnerships New Tourist Before people demanded mass produced items Increased economic activity Job creation Rise of global brands Increased understanding of the world Transportation Sophisticated websites Today tourists are More globally oriented Responsible green sustainable Values community culture ecology education family safety and security Depend on information technology Desire for safety Balance between career and family Globalized Consumer Desire for material possessions High levels of consumption a symbol of a good life Consumers have similar behaviors Eat the same food wear same brands and watch same tv programs Disappearance of Local Cultures Some say global consumption patterns and global consumers don t exist Consumption patterns may be globalized if everyone were to adopt others way of life Culture Homogenization Means the same identical to fuse or blend Globalization leads to homogenization Similar products consumed McDonaldization Cocacolonization Products Standardization or Customization Consumer purchasing patterns emergence of global consumers U S is ultimate homogenous country Cultural Heterogenization Increasing emphasis on local cultural elements Language Education Religion Tradition Art Opposite of homogenization means to go against the grain Cultural Convergence or Divergence Two theories 1 Because of globalization the planet is getting smaller and cultures are converging 2 The flow of goods assets and knowledge are directed toward main centers of capital Cultural Hybridization The incorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular cultural practices Allows the combination of two identities Cultural Commoditization Culture transformed into a new form in order to sell it Cultural artifacts Opposite of hybridization Cultural Deteriorization Increasing contact between people Communities change their values and traditions Authentic elements disappear Is Consumerism Bad Doesn t have to destroy culture Creates high demand for cultural preservation Disappearance of Local Identity Globalization can destroy socio cultural identity Farms and fishing converted into tourism resorts Resistance Is in progress in Europe European countries have not lost their identities Glocalization Bland of globalization and localization Local Internationalization and Regional Cooperation Promotes direct investment lower transportation costs and distribution costs Benefits Increased trade capital generated growth created jobs and boosted development Has polarized the world Developing countries have little influence Challenges of Globalization in Tourism Must adapt to local environment Communication difficulties Future of Globalization American consumerism has changed values and patterns of people American film industry has generated an id crisis among poor nations The world must represent and accept western cultures and non western Must be multicultural Review from Chapter 1 1 What is the criticism of globalization 2 What is westernization 3 What industry involves the greatest flow of goods 4 What is the influence of globalization on tourism 5 What is the difference between mass tourism and present day tourism Different cultures Political economic and legal practices 6 Today tourism is more 7 What is cultural commodization 8 Define globalization and glocalization 9 What are the benefits of globalization 10 Describe the new tourism consumer what is it dependent on 11 Define homogenization and hybridization Chapter 4 Cultural Practices and Tourism Impacts on Culture Erosion of Local Cultures Caused by increased international travel Cultural Commodization and Transformation Traditional culture is being packaged and treated as a commodity for sale Local culture is commercially exploited and the rights of the locals to own their heritage is lost Cultural Hostility Form of cultural rejection or denial Refuse to accept other s view of the world Cultural Arrogance Host populations stage cultural experiences to compensate tourists for the lack of real experience Backstage areas where locals continue with their traditions Authencity Pseudo Artifacts that are produced and commoditized Inauthentic products are created Tourists are often willing to perceive the products as being authentic Renaissance Rejuvenation of arts and crafts Revival of original traditions Marketing of Culture Traditional culture is treated as a commodity Locals lose their rights Culture is turned into a paid performance Culture Change Occurs as a result of Evolutionary changes within society The way people live Cultural Diffusion The spread of cultural elements Ideas Contacts between societies Styles Technologies Food Religion Cultural Borrowing Cultural Drift Two cultures come into contact and borrow each other s traditions customs and values A temporary and random culture change Language May change temporarily for duration of tourists Acculturation Occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contact Individuals may maintain their culture of origin while gaining characteristics of others Cultural Adaption Adaption of elements of other cultures To meet the tourists needs locals change their cultural elements Integration stage 3 4 Home stage Cultural Adjustment Four stages tourists go through 1 Honeymoon stage 2 Hostility stage Cultural Assimilation Replacement of one set of cultural traits by another Enculturation Learning what is
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