Ch 1 Globalization and tourism 06 14 2012 Concept and Roots of Globalization Internationalization Liberalization Universalization Westernization Deteritorialization Benefits of globalization Increased speed of production Diffusion of ideas Technological improvements Growth and expansion Rise of global brands Increased economic activity Job creation Increased understanding of the world Criticism of Globalization Decline in the power of national governments Polarization of the world in favor of stronger economies Negative impact in local communities Imitation of western culture Environmental degradation Globalization and the tourism industry Tourism is one of the world s largest multinational economic activities It involves the greatest flow of goods services people in the world Influence of globalization on tourism New opportunities o Electronic technology o Communication o Transportation o Sophisticated web sites Forms and examples of globalization in tourism Formation of international alliances in the airline industry Hotel cooperation A new type of tourist Before tourists demanded mass produced items Today tourists are o More globally oriented o Depend on information technology o Desire for safety o Balance between career and family Responsible green sustainable Values Community culture ecology education family safety and security The emergence of globalized consumer culture High desire for material possessions High levels of consumption a symbol of good life Global consumer and global products Consumers have become increasingly similar in their behavior Eat the same food wear the same brands watch the same TV programs Culture homogenization Globalization leads to cultural homogenization Similar products consumed throughout the world o McDonaldization o Cocacolonization Product standardization or customization Consumer purchasing patterns becoming similar Emergence of global consumers US ultimate example of homogeneous country Cultural heterogenization Increasing emphasis on local cultural elements o Language o Education o Religion o Tradition o Art Cultural convergence or divergence Two theories o Because of globalization the planet if getting smaller and the o The flow of goods assets and knowledge are directed toward cultures are converging main centers of capital Cultural hybridization The incorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular cultural practices Allows the combination of two identities Cultural commoditization Culture transformed into a new form in order to sell IT o cultural artifacts Cultural deterioration Loss Adaption or change Increasing contact between peoples Communities change their local values and traditions Authentic elements disappear Is consumerism a bad thing for tourism Does not necessarily have to destroy culture Creates high demand for cultural preservation Globalization and disappearance of local identity Globalization can destroy socio cultural identity Farms and fishing villages converted into tourism resorts Resistance to cultural change and emergence of local identity Local resistance to globalization is in progress in Europe European countries have not lost their identities Globalization Blend of globalization and localization Relationship between global and the local Local internationalization and regional cooperation May promote direct investment lower transportation costs and distribution costs North America free trade agreement Benefits and limitations of globalization in tourism Has increased trade capital generated growth created jobs and boosted development However it has polarized the world developing counties have little influence for sale Cultural commoditization and transformation Traditional culture is being packaged and treated as a commodity Local culture is commercially exploited and the rights of locals to own their heritage is lost Challenges of Globalization in tourism Businesses operating in different countries must adapt to local environment Communication difficulties Different cultures Political economic and legal practices The future of globalization Americanization of culture cosmopolitan city sophisticated materialism culture cultural hybridization cultural disappearance or culture clash American consumerism has changed values and patterns The American film industry has generated an identify crisis among poor nations The world must represent and accept western and non western cultures it must be multicultural Accepting western cultures translates to globalization must have cultures and non western fused to become multicultural Chapter 1 Review What is the criticism of globalization bolded in notes Which industry involves the greatest flow of goods Name some services How does globalization impact tourism bolded in notes The difference between mass tourism and present day tourism How has it changed Benefits of globalization and how it is defined Key terms What is a hybrid culture bolded in notes Combine global and global cultures is globalization What is a heterogeneous culture bolded in notes Use chapter 1 summary as preparation for test Chapter 4 Cultural practices Erosion of local cultures Many societies experience erosion with the increase in Local culture is commercially exploited and the rights of locals to international travel own their heritage is lost o Major companies produce these goods tourists don t care that it is a replica Cultural hostility A form of cultural rejection or denial often associated with anger and aggression They refuse to accept other s view of the world Even the U S and Canada experience this Ex North and South French and English Cultural arrogance Host populations stage cultural experiences to compensate tourists for the lack of real experience Backstage areas is where locals continue with their traditions Authenticity of tourism experiences Pseudo artifacts that are produced and commoditized Tourists are often willing to perceive the products as being Inauthentic products are created authentic Renaissance of Traditional art forms Rejuvenation of arts and crafts o People are creating symbols which are important to the culture but it represents the place even though it s a replica Revival of original traditions Marketing of culture and violation of rights to own cultural heritage Traditional culture is treated as a commodity Locals lose their rights Culture is turned into a paid performance Culture change Occurs as a result of o Evolutionary changes within
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