Studying Suggestions To use this study guide I recommend that you first start simply by reading the summaries The most important information you MUST know for the exam is summarized here Then take a couple days to browse through the lecture notes for more thorough details I would study these notes in accordance with the lecture PowerPoint s on Blackboard your own lecture notes and skimming the chapters Finally study the summaries one more time to recap on all the main concepts BSC2011 Final Study Guide Table of Contents pg 18 pg 18 pg 19 pg 19 pg 21 pg 21 pg 22 pg 23 pg 24 pg 25 pg 2 pg 5 pg 7 pg 8 pg 9 pg 9 pg 10 pg 11 pg 15 pg 17 Unit I Cellular Reproduction Differentiation and Development Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Unit II Mendelian Inheritance Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Unit III Mechanisms of Evolution Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Lecture 25 Lecture 26 Lecture 27 Lecture 28 Lecture 29 Lecture 30 Lecture 31 Unit IV Populations Ecology and the Biosphere pg 32 Lecture 32 pg 32 Lecture 33 pg 33 Lecture 34 pg 34 Lecture 35 Lecture 36 pg 34 Summary Units I IV pg 25 pg 26 pg 26 pg 27 pg 27 pg 28 pg 28 pg 29 pg 29 pg 30 pg 31 pg 36 51 Unit 1 Cellular Reproduction Differentiation Development the investigation of rational concepts that can be evaluated by observations and experimentation proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon a hypothesis that is consistent with available evidence Lecture 1 DNA Science Hypothesis Theory The Central Dogma I a DNA RNA Protein i DNA transcribes RNA 1 Transcription synthesis of RNA using info in the DNA ii A polypeptide protein is made via info from mRNA out of RNA 1 Translation synthesis of a polypeptide using the info in mRNA II DNA structure 2 strands DNA per molecule form double helix structure a b A sugar phosphate backbone wind around the outside of the molecule c Nitrogenous bases projects into the interior i Purines ii Pyridines adenine A Guanine G Thymine T Cytosine C Uracil in RNA U These nitrogenous bases form Hydrogen bonds with each other in pairs 1 a A pairs with T b G pairs with C 2 Purine pyridine make up DNA structure found by Watson and Crick iii Strong covalent bonds keep each strand in one strong holds nitrogenous bases to the backbone iv Weak Hydrogen bonds keep the 2 DNA strands together since the hydrogen bonds that hold the 2 strands together are weak they can easily break apart for replications etc v Each DNA molecule monomer consists of N base T A C G deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group sugar phosphate backbone The phosphate group of one nucleotide is attracted to the sugar of the next forming a backbone of alternating phosphates and sugars vi The polynucleotide strand has directionality from the 5 end phosphate group to the 3 end OH of the sugar group 1 Always 5 3 direction 2 As nucleotides are added they are added to the 3 end where there is a free III The Double Helix bonding area a The ribbons represent sugar phosphate backbones of the two DNA strands The helix is right handed curving up to the right The two strands are held by Hydrogen bonds between the N bases which are paired in the interior of the double helix i DNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a pre existing chain and release 2 phosphates b The two DNA strands are untwisted Covalent bonds link units of each strand Weak H bonds hold strands together Strands are antiparallel orientated in opposite directions c Van der Walls interactions between the stacked pairs play a major role in holding the molecule together IV DNA Replication a Proteins involved blue breaks swivels and rejoins the parental DNA ahead of the i Topoisomerase fork relives strain caused by unwinding ii Primase iii Helicase iv Single strand binding proteins pink synthesizes RNA primers using parental DNA as template aqua unwinds and seperates parental strand gray stabilize the unwound parental strands b Synthesis Leading Strand during DNA Replication i After RNA primer is made DNA polymerase III starts to synthesize the leading strand ii The leading strand is elongated continuously in the 5 3 direction as the fork progresses c Synthesis of Lagging Strand during DNA Replication i Primase joins RNA nucleotide into a primer ii DNA polymerase III adds DNA nucleotides to the primer forming Ozaki Fragment 1 iii After reaching the next RNA primer to the right DNA polymerase III detaches iv Fragment 2 is primed then DNA polymerase III adds DNA nucleotides detaching when it reaches the fragment primer 1 v DNA polymerase 1 replaces the RNA with DNA adding to the 3 end of fragment 2 vi DNA ligase forms a bond between the newest DNA and the DNA of fragment 1 vii The lagging strand in this region is complete d The Overall Process of DNA Replication bonding A with T G with C i The parental molecule has 2 complementary strands Each base is paired via hydrogen ii The first step is separation of the 2 strands Each parental strand can now serve as template that determines order or nucleotides along a new complementary strand iii Complementary nucleotides line up and connect to form sugar phosphate backbone of new strands Each daughter molecule has 1 parental strand one new strand e DNA Damage Nucleotide Excision Repair i Mistakes happen mutations but many are fixed via proof reading Teams of enzymes detect and repair damaged DNA 1 2 Nuclease cuts the damaged DNA strand at 2 points and removes it 3 Repair synthesis by DNA polymerase fills in the missing nucleotides 4 DNA ligase seals the free end of the new DNA to the old DNA making the strand complete V Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes a Prokaryotes i Circular chromosomes b Eukaryotes i Linear chromosomes 1 The parental strands separate at the origin of replication forming a replication bubble with 2 forks Replication proceeds in bother directions resulting in 2 daughter strands 1 DNA replication begins when replication bubble forms at many sites along the DNA molecule no origin of replication The bubbles expand as replication proceeds in both directions Eventually the bubbles fuse and synthesis of the daughter strands is complete VI Meselson Stahl Experiment a Experiment i Bacteria cultured in medium with 15N heavy isotope ii Bacteria transferred to medium with 14N lighter isotope iii DNA sample centrifuged after first replication iv DNA sample centrifuged
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