note I have the textbook edition with chapter 18 as the last chapter so don t be confused some of your textbooks will only have chapter 17 as your last chapter I m sure it s the same info but even if it isn t chapter 18 will obviously be included in this study guide also note I included links to the videos we need to watch so before you print this check those links out GOOD LUCK 1 MOTION the 4 dimensional field What s motion Moving image of video and film Motion is an obvious manifestation of time The various aspects of motion help us define the four dimensional field in media aesthetics Perceived motion Film motion and basic structural unit Motion frames of reference Perceived speed Lens choice and blocking Slow and accelerated motion Frames basic structural unit of film 24 frames second fps standard film projection rate 30 fps standard TV Film motion is an illusion because it doesn t actually move Every film frame shows a unique at position in time continuum a snapshot of part of the motion remember each at shows objects at rest when you put them together that s when it looks like motion Perceived motion When something changes its position more or less continuously when compared to a stable environment we perceive motion For example A car moving toward or away from us Screen motion is illusionary The illusion of motion is created differently on film than on video How do we create the illusion of motion in a film What do I do when filming and editing Film creates the illusion of motion by taking 24 still frames per second fps and then playing them back at high speed The basic structural unit of film is the film frame Film motion is an illusion the film frame shows an object at rest regardless of whether it was in motion when it was shot The Pen Story follows boy s life through different stages until he is old this video is made in stop motion which means editing a bunch sequential pictures no recorded movement together so that it creates the illusion of movement Process Enacted also stop motion So what s FILM motion An Illusion You can think of a film as many sequences of images glued together play at a certain speed In film we have certain of frames played at certain of seconds Flip Book editing eventually becomes fundamental in film The basic structural unit of television video is not a series of stills but it is always in motion Unit of video is always in a state of becoming The video image is created by constantly moving electron beams that scan dots pixels on your TV set The basic unit of television the television frame is not a snapshot of an at position in the time continuum like a film frame rather it is an image that is continuously renewing itself Ever wonder what 750 or 1080 stands for when describing a TV 750 1080 refers to visible lines that are scanned on a TV screen HDTVs are characterized by 1 080 horizontal lines of vertical resolution and progressive scan meaning unlike the 1080i display standard the image is not interlaced Interlaced Video Scanning versus Progressive Video Scanning Interlaced video scanning Images on a TV screen are created by having an electron beam first scan all odd numbered lines from left to right the all even numbered lines Both fields created make up an image A standard TV is made up of 576 visible horizontal lines across a standard TV screen Interlacing divides these into odd and even lines and then alternately refreshes them at 30 frames per second Go to page 249 of the textbook and look at images 13 3 and 13 4 for a clearer idea Progressive video scanning refers to scanning the entire picture line by line every sixteenth of a second Captured images are not split into separate fields like in interlaced scanning Look at the diagram on page 250 image 13 5 Progressive video scanning 1080 lines that create the image on the screen 720 lines that create the image on the screen 1080 horizontal lines associated with 16 9 1080p 1920 pixels wide by 1080 high horizontal lines progressive scanning 30 frames per second 1080i interlaced Results sharp and clear video image depth of field illusion even though it is limited 2 Motion frames of reference Whenever you see motion you automatically establish a frame of reference by which you judge the direction of the vector and its relative speed This establishes a figure ground relationship In video and film the edges of the screen are the most basic frame of reference Within the frame the ground is made up of stable objects as compared to the less stable moving figure A screen as frame of reference when there is an absence of other spatial clues we judge movement relative to the frame When looking at a man walking the background houses become the stable reference which we judge his motion by A person can be a frame of reference too for example we judge the motion of a fly buzzing around the guys head not the fly against the houses because his head is the more stable reference Figure ground reversal Confused about what object is moving Think about when you are taking the train and this train is sitting parallel to another train How do you know which train is actually moving Our figure ground references are so strong that we don t give them up easily You ve probably perceived this while sitting at a stoplight If you re next to a large vehicle and it begins to inch forward you may perceive that your car is moving slightly backward even though your foot is firmly on the brake this is figure ground reversal in motion If you see a still car against a projected moving background they do this in a lot of sitcoms it looks like the car the figure is moving this is figure ground reversal when the ground moves Motion paradox refers to when an object is in motion and simultaneously also at rest images on p 255 e g if you are in a plane you are in motion relative to the more stable earth But when you re in your seat you are at rest relative to the plane Motion paradox relative speed when walking toward front of the plane the person moves relative to the plane and faster than the plane relative to earth Motion paradox zero speed even when moving at great speeds relative to earth satellite spaceships for example move very slow When they are docked they don t move at all relative to each other Motion paradox perceived zero speed when the camera travels at the same speed as the object person we can t detect object motion in unarticulated space Aesthetic motion paradox an object can be in motion and perceived at rest
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