Questions to Ponder Exam 2 Winter 2014 What are factors of BMR Weight height fever body composition stress fasting famine ambient temperature malnutrition pregnancy thyroxine 60 70 of energy burnt in a day Nutrition Aging hormones that produce fat in the control of obesity leptin grelin Vitamin and Minerals 1 What is a vitamin Compare and contrast fat soluble and water soluble vitamins a Essential organic nutrient that contains no energy b Fat soluble are absorbed into lymph then blood and require bile for absorption Fat must travel with protein carriers stored in liver Water Soluble are not stored in the body Fat soluble vitamins are more likely to be toxic Water Soluble are more frequently needed 2 What vitamins can be synthesized in our body a D K and biotin 3 Why is Vitamin A important for proper vision What is beta carotene Why is beta carotene important in human health a When light falls on retina vitamin a splits from rhodopsin and initiates a signal that conveys sight Lack of A also causes keratin around cornea b Beta carotene is a vitamin a precursor that is abundant among carotenoids in plants 4 What is biological function of vitamin K a Benefits blood clotting synthesize bone proteins 5 What are free radical and an antioxidant What nutrients can act as antioxidants What is the mechanism of action of antioxidants How can antioxidants help to prevent heart disease a Free radicals cause damage to body structures and antioxidents prevent that E betacaroten C zinc selenium copper b Free radicals oxidize LDL and cause plaque Antioxidants prevent free radicals 6 What are major and trace minerals a Major minerals require more then 100 milligrams a day vs less than 7 What is the significance of calcium What are the most abundant two minerals in the body a Most abundant mineral in the body critical to body function and teeth bones b Phosphorous 8 What is the role of sodium in the diet What are the dietary sources of sodium Why is high consumption of sodium harmful to health a Fluid electrolyte acid base balance Muscle contraction b Processed food salt c High blood pressure CVD stroke 9 What is function of fluoride a Stablizes bone and makes teeth resistant to decay 10 What is osteoporosis Why is dietary calcium intake important a Ensures that bones reach peak density 11 What is anemia Deficiency of what nutrients can result in anemia a Makes hemoglobin that makes red blood cells normal Infants women during reproductive years Iron and B vitamins 12 Why are women and children particularly susceptible to iron deficiency a Women are menstruating and pregnant must have iron for increased blood volume and blood loss during birth or periods Rapid growth of children who are on low iron milk diets can also lead to deficiency 13 What is biological function and deficiency syndrome of iodine a Regulates body functions and helps thyroxine synthesize b Deficiency enlarges thyroid gland which can cause goiter cretenism 14 What are the functions of water in the body What is source of water input and output a Lubricant coolant cushion cleansing agent 15 Factors effecting bioavailability a Presence of non nutritive factors form processing medications fiber phytate zinc calcium copper Know Function Deficiency Toxicity Sources and DRI 16 Folate a 400 micrograms b Development of neural tube c Nueral tube defects of brain and spinal cord anemia digestive function cnacer cardiovascular disease alzheimers 17 vitamin B12 a 2 4 micrograms b Maintain nerve cells c Can lead to anemia memory loss nerve degernation d NO tox 18 Vitamin A 19 vitamin D 20 Calcium a 900 700 b vision bone and teeth skin cells gene regulation immuinity c Deficiency Night blindness impaired vision d Tpxicity yellow skin a 15 20 b Deficiency can lead to rickets and osteoporosis a 1000 1200 2500 b Mineralization of bones and teeth c Def Stunted growth weak bones bone loss d Tox COnspitation interference with other minerals increased kidney stones e Milk Cheese Dairy Products 21 Iron a 8mg Carries oxygen as hemoglobim b Toxic GI distress organ damage Energy Balance and Obesity 1 What are the components of the energy balance equation Does the macronutrient breakdown of the diet matter in terms of energy balance Why or why not a Energy In Energy Out Body Fatness Energy in Energy out b Do not need to no macronutrients 2 What constitutes energy in and how is it measured What are some limitations to measuring energy in a Calories does not incorporate macronutrients 3 What are the three components of energy out and what percentage of overall energy expenditure is accounted for by each component a Energy out is BMR 60 70 Voluntary activities as well as thermic effect of food 5 7 4 How is Basal Metabolic Rate calculated be able to calculate it What factors impact a person s BMR Fever a Kg kg hr 2 2lbs a kg 1 kg hr for men 9 kcals hr for women 24 b Age c Growth d e Malnutrition Thyroxine f g Height h Body Composition i j Ambient Temperature Fasting Starvation k Stress 5 What is the BMI Be able to calculate it and be able to interpret the BMI in terms of weight status What doesn t the BMI measure 6 What are the health risks associated with obesity a Kg ht 2 a Hypertension b Heart disease c Stroke d Diabetes e Hernias Flat feet Sleep apnea and problems Some cancers High accident rate Arthritis 7 What is the gynoid body shape What is the android body shape Which of these is more dangerous in terms of cardiovascular risk a Gynoid is around the middle and android is around the waist Gynoid is more dangerous 8 What are the environmental causes of obesity a Inactivity caloric consumption portion sizes 9 What are the three components of a successful weight loss program Provide details on the dietary recommendations for weight loss How much of a calorie deficit must one create to lose a pound of body fat a Diet Modification Physical Activity Behavior Modification i Create energy defecit of 500 cals a day do not skip meals eat nutrient dense 10 What are some components of fad diets a Quick fix warnings from a single product conclusions drawn from complex study single study dramatic statements are refuted by science orgs lists of allowed foods generalizations in populations that can be helped 11 What are the risks benefits of alternative treatments for obesity such as drugs surgery and very low calorie diets requirement a Dangerous to health but may be the only way to jumpstart a serious health Pregnancy trimesters weght gain 1 Describe the concept of
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