Questions to Ponder Exam 3 Fall 2011 Pregnancy Lactation and Infant Feeding 1 Describe the concept of critical periods What are the three stages in the development of a human baby and how long does each last Each organ and tissue type grows with its own characteristic pattern and timing The development of each only takes place at a specific time the critical period 3 stages Zygote 0 2 weeks Embryo 2 8 weeks Fetus 8 40 weeks 2 What is normal gestational length What is normal birth weight Normal gestational length is 37 40 weeks Normal birth weight is 5 6 9 9 pounds 3 What are the causes and outcomes of low birth weight Causes by low maternal weight gain during pregnancy low weight before pregnancy and maternal lifestyle factors Outcomes can be infant death congenital malformations and behavior and learning problems 4 What are the weight gain recommendations for pregnancy based upon What is the recommend weight gain for pregnancy What is the pattern of weight gain during pregnancy Weight gain is based upon the pre pregnancy weight Recommended weight gain for a normal woman is to gain 25 35 pounds The pattern is 3 5 pounds during first trimester and 1 number per week thereafter 5 What are the various components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy 6 What are the consequences of inadequate and excessive weight gain during pregnancy 7 For which nutrients are recommendations higher in pregnancy than in the non pregnant state Why are the needs for these nutrients elevated What are the nutrients of particular importance during pregnancy Iron anemia related to poor birth outcomes Folate can prevent neural tube defects Calcium if there is inadequate intake it will be taken from mothers bones which is bad 8 What is spina bifida What does it result from 9 What is choline What are EPA DHA Why are these important in pregnancy Choline is an essential nutrient that is important in fetal development EPA DHA are added to baby formulas and help brain development They may also lower the risk for pre term labor 10 What is fetal alcohol syndrome Alcohol crosses the placenta freely and is directly toxic It limits the oxygen delivery to the fetus slows cell division causing abnormalities in organs affects fetal brain cell division interferes with nutrient transport to fetus and can damage the ovum or sperm leading to abnormalities in the child 11 What is gestational diabetes Diabetes with first occurrence during pregnancy Managed with diet and diabetes medication including insulin 12 For which nutrients are recommendations higher during lactations that in the non lactating state Why are the needs for these nutrients increased Vitamins A E C most B vitamins not folate Minerals Zn Se Mg not iron Need energy and need to consume additional 330 calories 13 What other recommendations are given to lactating women Decrease use of cigarettes marijuana alcohol and caffeine Get plenty of rest and don t try to lose weight quickly by restricting calories 14 What are oxytocin and prolactin and how they act to regulate milk production and breast feeding 15 Are there any reasons why a woman would be unable to breast feed Poor nutrition in the mother will decrease quantity of breast milk HIV can also be passed through breast milk Certain drugs can also pass through breast milk 16 What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant To the mother What are the disadvantages of breastfeeding Advantages Colostrum high in antibodies and has factors to stimulate growth of healthy gut bacteria Mature Milk nutritionally complete and has easily digested protein called lactalbumin High bioavailability of nutrients and protective against infection Decreased risk of food allergies emotional bonding cost and convenience reduced risk of breast cancer in mother and may help with weight loss Disadvantages Fathers bonding mother s environment can impact breast milk not immediately easy societal barriers different pattern of weight gain may cause concern BF infants gain weight more rapidly early on and not gain as much from 6 12 months 17 Do breastfed infants require supplements If so why and which ones Vitamin D if little sunlight Fluoride if water is not fluoridated and Vitamin B12 if mother is a vegetarian 18 What are the components of infant formulas Cow s milk soy based protein hydrolysate and other components 19 When is solid food introduced to an infant Why is solid food offered at this time What is the first food offered to an infant In what order are other foods offered Solid food is introduced from 5 12 months Offered because increased calorie needs and have developed the suck swallow reflux Can hold help up and teeth are erupt First food offered is iron fortified cereal usually rice Then introduce one new food per week with low salt sugar and no eggs milk or honey in first year Give vegetables before fruit and avoid choking foods 20 Why are parents told to avoid given infants honey during the first year Eggs Cow s milk Eggs are high in cholesterol Children can have allergies to cow s milk Nutrition and Physical Performance 21 What are the benefits of exercise Cardiovascular function decreased blood pressure increased HDL and lowered LDL cholesterol energy balance immune system function increased lean tissue and fat loss increased muscle mass and tone peristaltic function and colonic mass movements improves balance agility and sleep patterns etc 22 What is adenosine triphosphate 23 What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic energy production Anaerobic Brief high intensity activities lasting 30 seconds 2 min reliant on glucose from glycogen Yields energy when energy demands exceed ability to provide energy Produces small amounts of ATP and yields lactate Aerobic Long low intensity activities Draws energy from glucose and fatty acids Conserves glycogen stores and produces much more ATP 24 What macronutrients are used for energy during exercise of long duration 25 What is VO2 max Oxygen consumption measured immediately before total exhaustion 26 What are the dangers of weight loss by dehydration Why would someone engage in this activity Dangers can lead to heatstroke Methods are sitting in a sauna for extended period of time exercising in plastic sweat suits and taking diuretic drugs Think it will help them lose weight faster 27 How much carbohydrate should an athlete consume in his her diet 60 or more of their total energy should come from carbohydrates 28 What is carbohydrate loading When is this activity
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