Carbohydrates 1 What are the functions of carbohydrates in the human body Main source of energy for cells spare protein provide energy fiber add bulk to foods Comes from grains fruits and dairy products 2 What is the difference between a simple and a complex carbohydrate List the three disaccharides and the three monosaccharides Simple sugars molecule with 6 carbon atoms oxygen and hydrogen Monosaccharides Complex starches fiber sometimes called polysaccharides long chains of sugar units disaccharides Monosaccharides 6 Carbon molecules Glucose the body s predominant fuel Fructose fruit sugar Galactose one of the two components of the milk sugar lactose Disaccharides Sucrose combination of glucose and fructose Lactose a combination of glucose and galactose Maltose combination of glucose and glucose 3 What is the difference between starch fiber and glycogen All polysaccharides long strands of thousands of glucose units Starch is a plants form of glucose Glycogen is an animal and human beings form of glucose Fibers are indigestible part of plants Cellulose hemicellulose and pectin 4 What are the benefits of consuming high fiber foods Fiber holds together bile If fiber was not present then much of the cholesterol from the bile is reabsorbed into your blood 5 What is lactose intolerance Lactase deficiency that gives you nausea diarrhea and gas the undigested lactose becomes fuel for bacteria that helps produce gas and irritants since lactase digests lactose and there is a deficiency in lactase the lactose cant be digested so it makes gas 6 Explain how blood glucose is regulated including which hormones are involved After a meal blood glucose rises and insulin is released Insulin promotes glycogen formation in liver and muscle after awhile glucose levels fall which promotes glucagon release The glucagon stimulates glycogen turning into glucose from liver 7 Compare and contract Type I and Type 2 diabetes mellitus What are the long term side effects of the disease Type 1 immune response to pancreatic cell because the pancreas produces little or no insulin often occurs early in life People need to take insulin their whole life or they can get cardiovascular and other diseases Type 2 diabetes is when your body resists insulin because of weight gain aging or lack of physical activity You need to control your diet and exercise or it can lead to death and other serious diseases Long term side affects of diabetes include heart and kidney disease blindness nerve damage increased infections and amputation of limbs 8 What are the three carbohydrates currently used for biofeul production Which of these is least efficient in the conversion of carbohydrate to ethanol with the current technology Sunflower soybean switchgrass corn wood Switchgrass Lipids 1 What are the functions of lipids in our bodies and in foods Natures way of condensing energy stores insulates and protects organs source of calories flavor and tenderness of food slows stomach emptying more satiating source of essential fatty acids 2 What are the three main types of lipids Triglycerides main form of fat in food made of glycerol backbone and three fatty acids Fatty acids are classfied by length number and location of double bonds and organization of hydrogen around the double bonds Phospholipids glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphorus Phosphorus part makes is soluble in water fatty part makes it soluble in fat so it can serve as an emulsifier cell membranes Sterols large molecules with connecting rings of carbon atoms that have carbon oxygen and hydrogen attached Cholesterol nonessential that forms plaque and causes atherosclerosis raw material for bile vitamin D and steroid hormones 3 How are lipids digested absorbed in the body How are they transported from t he gastrointestinal tract to the liver What happens to them in the liver liver produces bile and sends it to gall bladder who sends it into small intestine and pancreatic lipase flows from the pancreatic duct and breaks them down into monoglycerides glycerol and fatty acids which are absorbed 4 What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in term s of chemical structure where they are found in our diet and their impact upon h uman health Saturated animal fats is a fatty acid carrying the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and unsaturated oils has less than maximum Saturated or unsaturated determines the fats hardness it is better to eat unsaturated 5 What is trans fat Where is trans fat found in the human diet Why are we advi sed to eat minimal trans fat Fatty acids with unusual shapes found in margarines shortenings and baked goods They increase bad cholesterol levels 6 What are the two essential fatty acids Where are they found in our diet Why i s it important to have the proper balance of these two fatty acids in the diet Omega 3 fatty fish salmon tuna flaxseed canola soybean oils spinach almonds walnuts and Omega 6 grains fats and oils They balance each other out because Omega 3 reduces inflammation blood clotting and tumor growth 7 What is the function of a lipoprotein List the three main types of human lipopro teins and describe the function of each Transport vehicles for lipids in blood an lymph VLDL very low density take TG and cholesterol to body LDL low density take TG and cholesterol to body HDL high density takes cholesterol away from body to liver for disposal 8 What are the desirable values for total cholesterol HDL and LDL in our blood Total less than 200mg HDL 60 mg and above LDL less than 130mg Proteins 1 What the functions of proteins in the body How much protein does the averag e person need Build new tissue a functional unit for hormones antibodies and enzymes and helps physiology metabolism 8g per kilogram of body weight minimum is 10 of total calories 2 What is an essential amino acid What are the nine essential amino acids Amino Acids the building blocks of protein Essential Amino Acids cannot be synthesized by the body or cannot be synthesized enough in the amount to meet the need Histidine Isoleucine lucine lycine methoinine phynelalanine theronine trypothan and valine HLLMLP TRV 3 What are marasmus and kwashiorkor What causes each What are the sympt oms of each Protein deficiencies Masasmus chronic inadequate food energy vitamin mineral protein intake person is shriveled and lean all over Kwashiorkor severe acute malnutrition too little protein to support body functions swollen belly and skin rash 4 Why might a vegetarian diet be
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