Chapter 52 Ecology Climate Environment has 2 parts Abiotic Biotic Organismal ecology Population Ecology Community Ecology Ecosystem Community Population Biosphere Factors controlling the distribution of organisms Biotic factors Abiotic factors study of interactions between organisms and their environment The long term prevailing weather conditions in a given area abiotic biotic chemical and physical aspects of the environment living organisms physiological morphological and behavioral ways an organism meets its abiotic environment interactions among individuals in a population that affect the size and distribution of a population interactions among all the organisms in a given area How do predation and competition affect populations sum of all the communities and abiotic factors community of organisms in an area and the physical factors they interact with A group of populations of different species in an area A group of individuals of the same species living in an area sum of all the ecosystems on the earth Dispersal Biotic factors Abiotic Factors other species Predation Parasitism Competition Disease Chemical factors Water Oxygen Salinity pH Soil Nutrients Physical factors Temperature Light Soil Structure Fire Moisture Temperature Rain fall 2 most important abiotic factors Macroclimate Microclimate Global climate patterns are determined by Cause of seasonality Effect of bodies of water on climate Effect of mountains on climate Climate patterns on the global regional and landscape level Climate patterns that pertain to very fine localized patterns such as those encountered by the community of organisms that live in the microhabitat beneath a fallen log Latitude and proximity to oceans also local geography Earth s titled axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun cause strong seasonal cycles in middle to high latitudes changing angle of the sun over the course of the year affects local environments Ocean currents influence the climate along the coasts by heating cooling overlying air masses that pass across the land Coastal regions are usually wetter than inland areas Because of the high specific heat of water oceans and large lakes moderate the climate of nearby land Mountains influence air flow over land when warm moist air approaches a mountain the air rises and cools releasing moisture on the windward side of the mountain On the leeward side of the mountain cooler dry air descends and absorbs moisture mountains also affect the amount of sunlight reaching an area which affects local temp and rainfall Major terrestrial biomes Major factors determining the biomes Biome Climate effect on terrestrial biomes General features of terrestrial biomes Ecotone Climograph Tropical forest Dessert Savannah Temperature and rainfall Major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestial zones or by the physical environmetn in aquatic zones because of the latitudinal patterns of climate terrestial biomes show latitudinal patterns in where they are found the range of precipitation in northern coniferous and temperate forests is similar but temperate forests are genrally warmer grasslands are typically drier than both forests and deserts are the most dry most terrestial biomes are named for major physical or climatic features and for their predominant vegetation temperate grasslands have a moderate temperature and is dominated by various grass species vertical layering is an important feature of terr biomes many forrests include a canopy upper low tree layer shrub understory ground layer forrest floor and root layer Area of integradation terrestial biomes usually grade into each other A plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region Equatorial and subequatorial regions Constant rainfall in tropical rainforests Seasonal rainfall in tropical dry forests High year round temperature with little variation Layered forests with competition for light Highest animal diversity than any other terrestial biomes Occur in bands near 30 degrees north and south latitude Low rainfall less than 30 cm a year Temperature is variable seasonally and daily Water conservation is an adaptation for plants animals Equatorial and subequatorial regions Seasonal rainfall with dry seasons warm year round but more seasonal variation than rainforests Chapparral Temperate Grassland Northern coniferous forests Temperate broadleaf forest Tundra Aquatic biomes Photic zone Aphotic zone Abyssal zone Benthic zone Thermocline low med low rainfall 12 20 inches year rainfall is seasonal and drought common Midlatitude coastal regions Rainfall is seasonal with rainy winters and dry summers Fall winter spring are all cool cool winters hot summers low med low rainfall 12 20 inches year rainfall in winter and drought common Rainfall is seasonal dry winters and wet summers very cold winters hot summers med low rainfall 20 40 inches year rainfall in summer and drought common Largest terrestrial biome on earth Annual precipitation with periodic droughts however coastal coniferous forests are temperate rain forests that may receive over 300 cm of rainfall year Winters are cold summers may be hot Mainly at mid latitudes in northern hemisphere Rainfall is 70 200 cm annually Winters average around 0 degrees C while summers are hot and humid 20 of earth s land surface areas of the arctic High winds and low temps Average precipitation of 20 60 cm annually Winters are very cold summers range less than 10 degrees C Marine biomes salt concentrations that average around 3 Freshwater biomes less than 0 1 salt Oceans make up the largest marine biome covering about 75 of earth biomes are vertical and horizontally layered for both fresh and salt water Upper zone where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis Lower zone where little light penetrates Deep in the aphotic zone the part of the ocean 2 00 6 000 m below the surface The bottom of all theaquatic biomes deep or shallow made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments organisms called benthos live here that eat dead organic matter called detritus cold Layer of abrupt temperature change that separates the more uniformly warm upper layer from the uniformly cold deeper waters CHPT 53 Density Dispersion Immigration Emigration Territoriality Principal of Allocation Important characteristics of populations Conformers Regulators Types of patterns of dispersal Demography Life tables Reproductive table Factors that affect population growth Change in
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